S T A T E O F N E W Y O R K
________________________________________________________________________
7667
I N S E N A T E
June 12, 2012
___________
Introduced by COMMITTEE ON RULES -- read twice and ordered printed, and
when printed to be committed to the Committee on Rules
AN ACT to amend chapter 115 of the laws of 1894, relating to the better
protection of lost and strayed animals and for securing the rights of
owners thereof, in relation to licensing of dogs in a certain city; to
amend the administrative code of the city of New York, in relation to
the animal population control fund; and to repeal certain provisions
of chapter 115 of the laws of 1894, relating to the better protection
of lost or strayed animals and for securing the rights of owners ther-
eof, relating to licensing of dogs in a certain city
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, REPRESENTED IN SENATE AND ASSEM-
BLY, DO ENACT AS FOLLOWS:
Section 1. Sections 1, 2, 2-a, 3, 3-a and 4 of chapter 115 of the laws
of 1894, relating to the better protection of lost and strayed animals
and for securing the rights of owners thereof, are REPEALED and four new
sections 1, 2, 3 and 4 are added to read as follows:
SECTION 1. THE PROVISIONS OF THIS ACT SHALL APPLY IN THE CITY OF NEW
YORK.
S 2. (1) EVERY PERSON WHO OWNS OR HARBORS ONE OR MORE DOGS WITHIN THE
CORPORATE LIMITS OF SUCH CITY, SHALL PROCURE A LICENSE FOR EACH DOG AS
PROVIDED IN THIS ACT. IN APPLYING FOR SUCH LICENSE TO BE ISSUED OR
RENEWED, THE APPLICANT SHALL PROVIDE IN WRITING THE NAME, SEX, BREED,
AGE, COLOR AND MARKINGS OF THE DOG FOR WHICH THE LICENSE IS TO BE
PROCURED OR RENEWED AND SUCH INFORMATION THAT THE COMMISSIONER OF HEALTH
AND MENTAL HYGIENE OF SUCH CITY DEEMS NECESSARY TO NOTIFY THE APPLICANT
WHEN THE LICENSE IS DUE TO BE RENEWED OR TO CONTACT THE APPLICANT IN THE
EVENT THE DOG IS FOUND AFTER BECOMING LOST OR STRAYED. SUCH COMMISSIONER
MAY ISSUE RULES REQUIRING PROOF OF RABIES VACCINATION, OR AN AFFIRMATION
THAT SUCH VACCINE HAS BEEN ADMINISTERED, AS PART OF THE APPLICATION FOR
SUCH LICENSE TO BE ISSUED OR RENEWED.
(2) LICENSES ISSUED OR RENEWED UNDER THIS ACT SHALL BE VALID FOR A
TERM OF ONE YEAR OR, PURSUANT TO RULES ISSUED BY SUCH COMMISSIONER, FOR
A PERIOD GREATER THAN ONE YEAR.
EXPLANATION--Matter in ITALICS (underscored) is new; matter in brackets
[ ] is old law to be omitted.
LBD01102-08-2
S. 7667 2
(3) THE FEES FOR A LICENSE ISSUED OR RENEWED UNDER THIS ACT SHALL BE
SET BY LOCAL LAW, SUBJECT TO THE PROVISIONS OF THIS SUBDIVISION. THERE
SHALL BE A BASE FEE FOR A LICENSE TO BE ISSUED OR RENEWED FOR ANY DOG.
THERE SHALL BE AN ADDITIONAL FEE FOR A LICENSE TO BE ISSUED OR RENEWED
FOR A NON-STERILIZED DOG. THE AMOUNT OF SUCH ADDITIONAL FEE SHALL BE AT
LEAST EIGHTY-FIVE PERCENT OF THE AMOUNT OF THE BASE FEE. APPLICANTS
SHALL PAY THE ADDITIONAL FEE UNLESS THEIR APPLICATION IS ACCOMPANIED BY:
(I) A STATEMENT SIGNED BY A LICENSED VETERINARIAN PROVIDING THAT THE DOG
HAS BEEN STERILIZED OR THAT SUCH VETERINARIAN HAS EXAMINED THE DOG AND
FOUND THAT BECAUSE OF OLD AGE OR OTHER PERMANENT MEDICAL CONDITION, THE
LIFE OF THE DOG WOULD BE ENDANGERED BY STERILIZATION, OR (II) A STATE-
MENT, APPROVED AS TO FORM BY SUCH COMMISSIONER AND AFFIRMED BY THE
APPLICANT, THAT THE DOG HAS BEEN STERILIZED.
(4) THE AMOUNT COLLECTED FOR THE ADDITIONAL FEE CHARGED FOR A LICENSE
TO BE ISSUED OR RENEWED FOR AN UNSTERILIZED DOG AS PROVIDED IN SUBDIVI-
SION THREE OF THIS SECTION SHALL BE FORWARDED TO THE CITY COMPTROLLER
FOR DEPOSIT IN THE ANIMAL POPULATION CONTROL FUND CREATED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 17-812 OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE CODE OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK.
(5) WHEN A LICENSE IS ISSUED OR RENEWED FOR A TERM OTHER THAN ONE
YEAR, THE FEES SHALL BE A PRORATED AMOUNT OF THE FEES PER YEAR SET AS
PROVIDED IN SUBDIVISION THREE OF THIS SECTION.
(6) ANY PERSON WHO FAILS TO RENEW A LICENSE PRIOR TO ITS DATE OF EXPI-
RATION MAY BE REQUIRED TO PAY A LATE FEE UPON RENEWAL OF A LICENSE, WITH
THE AMOUNT OF SUCH LATE FEE SET BY LOCAL LAW. SUCH AMOUNT SHALL BE NO
MORE THAN TWENTY PERCENT OF THE AMOUNT OF THE BASE FEE FOR A LICENSE TO
BE ISSUED OR RENEWED AS PROVIDED IN SUBDIVISION THREE OF THIS SECTION.
(7) THE APPLICATION FOR A LICENSE TO BE ISSUED OR RENEWED SHALL BE
ACCOMPANIED BY A STATEMENT AS PRESCRIBED BY SUCH COMMISSIONER, NOTIFYING
THE APPLICANT THAT HE OR SHE MAY SUBMIT, ALONG WITH THE FEES REQUIRED BY
THIS SECTION, AN ADDITIONAL AMOUNT TO BE UTILIZED FOR THE PURPOSE OF
FUNDING LOW-COST STERILIZATION SERVICES FROM THE ANIMAL POPULATION
CONTROL FUND CREATED PURSUANT TO SECTION 17-812 OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE
CODE OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK. ANY ADDITIONAL AMOUNT SUBMITTED PURSUANT
TO THIS SUBDIVISION SHALL BE DEPOSITED IN SUCH FUND.
(8) FROM THE FEES COLLECTED PURSUANT TO THIS ACT FOR EACH DOG LICENSE
ISSUED OR RENEWED, THE SUM OF TEN CENTS ANNUALLY FOR THE TERM OF SUCH
LICENSE SHALL BE REMITTED BY SUCH CITY TO THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICUL-
TURE AND MARKETS ON OR BEFORE THE FIFTEENTH DAY OF EACH MONTH, WITH SUCH
SUM TO BE USED TO FUND RESEARCH INTO DISEASES OF DOGS AND THE SEARCH FOR
AND THE STUDY OF VIRUSES THAT AFFECT PEOPLE AND ANIMALS.
(9) THE AMOUNT OF ANY FEE CHARGED PURSUANT TO THIS ACT SHALL NOT BE
BASED IN WHOLE OR PART ON THE BREED OF THE DOG.
S 3. (1) ANY PERSON WHO IS REQUIRED TO OBTAIN OR RENEW A DOG LICENSE
PURSUANT TO THIS ACT BUT FAILS TO DO SO MAY BE ISSUED A NOTICE OF
VIOLATION, RETURNABLE TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL BOARD OR HEALTH
TRIBUNAL OF THE OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATIVE TRIALS AND HEARINGS OF THE CITY
OF NEW YORK, AND MAY BE SUBJECT TO A CIVIL PENALTY OF NOT MORE THAN
SEVENTY-FIVE DOLLARS FOR THE FIRST VIOLATION AND NO MORE THAN ONE
HUNDRED DOLLARS WHEN SUCH PERSON WAS FOUND TO HAVE VIOLATED THIS SECTION
WITHIN THE PRECEDING FIVE YEARS. SUCH NOTICE OF VIOLATION MAY BE ISSUED
BY ANY OFFICER OR AGENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND MENTAL HYGIENE
OF SUCH CITY, OR ANY OTHER AGENCY OR ENTITY DESIGNATED BY THE COMMIS-
SIONER OF HEALTH AND MENTAL HYGIENE OR SUCH CITY, WHEN SUCH OFFICER OR
AGENT OBSERVES THE DOG FOR WHICH SUCH LICENSE HAS NOT BEEN OBTAINED OR
RENEWED.
S. 7667 3
(2) NOTWITHSTANDING SUBDIVISION ONE OF THIS SECTION, SUCH NOTICE OF
VIOLATION MAY NOT BE ISSUED TO A PERSON WHEN SUCH PERSON IS IN THE
COURSE OF OBTAINING OR RENEWING A LICENSE FOR THE DOG FOR WHICH THE
NOTICE OF VIOLATION WOULD BE ISSUED. IT SHALL BE AN AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE
TO ANY SUCH VIOLATION THAT: (I) THE PERSON REQUIRED TO OBTAIN OR RENEW A
DOG LICENSE DULY APPLIED FOR SUCH LICENSE OR RENEWAL PRIOR TO THE DATE
OF THE VIOLATION BUT THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND MENTAL HYGIENE OF SUCH
CITY HAD NOT ISSUED OR RENEWED SUCH LICENSE; OR (II) SUCH PERSON HAD
PREVIOUSLY PROCURED A LICENSE THAT WAS VALID FOR A TERM THAT ENDED NOT
MORE THAN THIRTY DAYS BEFORE SUCH NOTICE OF VIOLATION WAS ISSUED AND
SUCH PERSON DULY APPLIED FOR RENEWAL OF SUCH LICENSE SUBSEQUENT TO SUCH
NOTICE OF VIOLATION BEING ISSUED.
(3) THREE QUARTERS OF ANY AMOUNT PAID AS A PENALTY FOR A VIOLATION
PURSUANT TO THIS SECTION SHALL BE FORWARDED TO THE CITY COMPTROLLER FOR
DEPOSIT IN THE ANIMAL POPULATION CONTROL FUND CREATED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 17-812 OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE CODE OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK, AND
THE REMAINDER SHALL BE USED SOLELY FOR CARRYING OUT THE PROVISIONS OF
THIS ACT, ESTABLISHING, MAINTAINING, OR FUNDING SHELTERS FOR LOST,
STRAYED, OR HOMELESS ANIMALS, PROVIDING OR FUNDING PUBLIC EDUCATION
REGARDING RESPONSIBLE ANIMAL CARE AND DOG LICENSING REQUIREMENTS, AND
CONDUCTING OTHER ANIMAL CARE AND CONTROL ACTIVITIES.
S 4. (1) WITH EACH LICENSE ISSUED OR RENEWED UNDER THIS ACT, THE
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND MENTAL HYGIENE OF SUCH CITY SHALL SUPPLY THE
APPLICANT WITH A CERTIFICATE OF LICENSE OR RENEWAL STATING THE NAME AND
ADDRESS OF THE OWNER OF THE DOG AND THE NUMBER OF SUCH LICENSE OR
RENEWAL.
(2) EVERY DOG LICENSED UNDER THIS ACT SHALL, AT ALL TIMES, HAVE A
COLLAR ABOUT ITS NECK WITH A TAG MADE OF METAL OR OTHER DURABLE MATERIAL
ATTACHED THERETO, BEARING THE NUMBER OF THE LICENSE. SUCH TAG SHALL BE
SUPPLIED TO THE OWNER BY SUCH DEPARTMENT. SUCH DEPARTMENT SHALL PROVIDE
NOTICE WITH EACH SUCH TAG THAT ANYONE WHO SHALL USE A LICENSE TAG ON A
DOG FOR WHICH IT WAS NOT ISSUED SHALL BE DEEMED GUILTY OF A MISDEMEANOR
AS PROVIDED IN SECTION NINE OF THIS ACT. NOTHING IN THIS ACT SHALL
PREVENT SUCH DEPARTMENT FROM ISSUING SPECIALTY TAGS WHICH, FOR AN ADDI-
TIONAL COST SET BY LOCAL LAW, OWNERS MAY PURCHASE IN LIEU OF THE STAND-
ARD TAGS ISSUED PURSUANT TO THIS SECTION. THE COMMISSIONER OF HEALTH
AND MENTAL HYGIENE OF SUCH CITY MAY ISSUE RULES REQUIRING THAT DOGS
LICENSED UNDER THIS ACT SHALL HAVE ATTACHED TO SUCH COLLAR A TAG INDI-
CATING THAT A RABIES VACCINATION HAS BEEN ADMINISTERED.
(3) SUCH DEPARTMENT MAY ISSUE REPLACEMENTS FOR TAGS THAT ARE LOST AND
MAY REQUIRE REASONABLE PROOF OF LOSS OF THE ORIGINAL AND PAYMENT OF A
SUM, SET BY LOCAL LAW, EQUAL TO THE COST OF REPLACEMENT.
(4) ON OR ABOUT THE THIRTIETH DAY BEFORE THE END OF THE TERM FOR WHICH
A LICENSE ISSUED OR RENEWED UNDER THIS ACT SHALL BE VALID, SUCH DEPART-
MENT SHALL NOTIFY THE LICENSEE BY MAIL OR OTHER MEANS, USING THE CONTACT
INFORMATION PROVIDED PURSUANT TO SUBDIVISION ONE OF SECTION TWO OF THIS
ACT, OF THE DATE BY WHICH RENEWAL IS REQUIRED, THE MANNER IN WHICH THE
LICENSEE MAY APPLY FOR RENEWAL, THE FEES ASSOCIATED WITH ON-TIME AND
LATE RENEWAL RESPECTIVELY, AND THE PENALTIES TO WHICH THE LICENSEE MAY
BE SUBJECT UNDER SECTION THREE OF THIS ACT IN THE EVENT HE OR SHE FAILS
TO RENEW SUCH LICENSE.
S 2. Section 8 of chapter 115 of the laws of 1894, relating to the
better protection of lost and strayed animals and for securing the
rights of owners thereof, is amended to read as follows:
S 8. The [American society for the prevention of cruelty to animals]
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND MENTAL HYGIENE OF SUCH CITY is hereby empowered
S. 7667 4
and authorized to carry out the provisions of this act, and [the said
society] SUCH DEPARTMENT is further authorized to issue AND RENEW
licenses [and renewals], and to collect the fees [for such,] SET FORTH
IN THIS ACT OR OTHERWISE ESTABLISHED as [is herein] prescribed[, which
fees are to] IN THIS ACT. SUCH FEES, EXCLUDING THE ADDITIONAL FEES
CHARGED FOR LICENSES TO BE ISSUED OR RENEWED FOR UNSTERILIZED DOGS
PURSUANT TO SUBDIVISION THREE OF SECTION TWO OF THIS ACT AND THE AMOUNTS
SPECIFIED IN SUBDIVISION EIGHT OF SECTION TWO OF THIS ACT, SHALL be used
[by said society towards defraying the] TO DEFRAY SUCH CITY'S cost of
carrying out the provisions of this act [and mainatining a shelter],
ESTABLISHING, MAINTAINING, OR FUNDING SHELTERS for lost, strayed or
homeless animals, AND PROVIDING OR FUNDING PUBLIC EDUCATION REGARDING
RESPONSIBLE ANIMAL CARE AND DOG LICENSING REQUIREMENTS.
S 3. Sections 8-a and 8-c of chapter 115 of the laws of 1894, relating
to the better protection of lost and strayed animals and for securing
the rights of owners thereof, are REPEALED and section 8-b, as added by
chapter 152 of the laws of 1971, is renumbered 8-a and amended to read
as follows:
S 8-a. (1) No person holding a permit issued pursuant to section
161.09 of the New York city health code OR A LICENSE ISSUED PURSUANT TO
ARTICLE 26-A OF THE AGRICULTURE AND MARKETS LAW shall sell OR TRANSFER
OWNERSHIP OF a dog IN SUCH CITY without first requiring the purchaser OR
OTHER NEW OWNER to submit an application for a dog license and to pay
all required fees, unless such purchaser OR OTHER NEW OWNER shall
execute and submit to such seller OR TRANSFEROR a written statement that
the dog to be purchased OR TRANSFERRED is to be harbored outside [the]
SUCH city. Such applications and written statements shall be on forms
furnished by the [society] DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND MENTAL HYGIENE OF
SUCH CITY and shall, within ten days after execution by a purchaser OR
OTHER NEW OWNER, be forwarded by the seller OR TRANSFEROR to [the socie-
ty] SUCH DEPARTMENT.
(2) Any seller OR TRANSFEROR processing an application pursuant to
SUBDIVISION ONE OR THREE OF this section shall, on or before the tenth
day of the month next succeeding the month in which collected, remit to
[the society] SUCH DEPARTMENT the amount of fees collected less [one
dollar] TEN PERCENT OF THE BASE FEES SET PURSUANT TO SUBDIVISION THREE
OF SECTION TWO OF THIS ACT for each application processed.
(3) THE COMMISSIONER OF HEALTH AND MENTAL HYGIENE OF SUCH CITY MAY
DESIGNATE ANY OTHER PERSON OR ENTITY, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO A
PERSON OR ENTITY WHO PROVIDES CARE, TREATMENT, SERVICES, OR MERCHANDISE
FOR ANIMALS, TO PROCESS APPLICATIONS FOR DOG LICENSES, COLLECT FEES, AND
REMIT THE AMOUNT OF FEES COLLECTED LESS TEN PERCENT OF SUCH BASE FEE IN
ACCORDANCE WITH THIS SECTION AND OTHERWISE CONSISTENT WITH THE
PROVISIONS OF THIS ACT.
S 4. Section 9 of chapter 115 of the laws of 1894, relating to the
better protection of lost and strayed animals and for securing the
rights of owners thereof, as amended by section 32 of part T of chapter
59 of the laws of 2010, is amended to read as follows:
S 9. Any person or persons, who shall hinder or molest or interfere
with any officer or agent of [said society] THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND
MENTAL HYGIENE OF SUCH CITY in the performance of any duty enjoined by
this act, or who shall use a license tag on a dog for which it was not
issued, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor. [Any person who owns or
harbors a dog without complying with the provisions of this act shall be
deemed guilty of disorderly conduct, and upon conviction thereof before
any magistrate shall be fined for such offense any sum not exceeding ten
S. 7667 5
dollars, and in default of payment of such fine may be committed to
prison by such magistrate until the same be paid, but such imprisonment
shall not exceed ten days.] Any person who for the purpose of partic-
ipating in the "animal population control program" shall falsify proof
of adoption from a pound, shelter, duly incorporated society for the
prevention of cruelty to animals, humane society or dog or cat protec-
tive association or who shall furnish any licensed veterinarian of this
state with inaccurate information concerning his or her residency or the
ownership of an animal or such person's authority to submit an animal
for a [spaying or neutering] STERILIZATION procedure established pursu-
ant to section 17-812 of the administrative code of the city of New York
and any veterinarian who shall furnish false information concerning an
animal sterilization fee schedule or an animal sterilization certificate
shall be guilty of a violation punishable by a fine of not more than two
hundred fifty dollars where prosecuted pursuant to the penal law, or
where prosecuted as an action to recover a civil penalty of not more
than two hundred fifty dollars. NOTICES OF VIOLATION MAY BE ISSUED
PURSUANT TO THIS ACT BY ANY OFFICER OR AGENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
AND MENTAL HYGIENE OF SUCH CITY, OR ANY OTHER AGENCY OR ENTITY DESIG-
NATED BY THE COMMISSIONER OF HEALTH AND MENTAL HYGIENE OF SUCH CITY, AND
SUCH NOTICES OF VIOLATION SHALL BE RETURNABLE TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL
CONTROL BOARD OR TO THE HEALTH TRIBUNAL OF THE OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATIVE
TRIALS AND HEARINGS OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK.
S 5. Section 13 of chapter 115 of the laws of 1894, relating to the
better protection of lost and strayed animals and for securing the
rights of owners thereof, as renumbered by chapter 179 of the laws of
1987, is amended to read as follows:
S 13. [None of the provisions of this act shall apply to dogs owned
by] (1) AN EXEMPTION FROM THE DOG LICENSING REQUIREMENTS OF THIS ACT
SHALL BE PROVIDED FOR THE FOLLOWING PERSONS, ORGANIZATIONS, AND BUSI-
NESSES:
(A) INDIVIDUALS WHO ARE non-residents [passing through the] OF SUCH
city, [nor to dogs brought to the city and entered for exhibition at any
dog show] OR WHO ARE TEMPORARILY RESIDING IN SUCH CITY FOR A PERIOD NOT
TO EXCEED THIRTY DAYS;
(B) INDIVIDUALS FOR THE FIRST THIRTY DAYS AFTER BECOMING A RESIDENT OF
SUCH CITY; AND
(C) FOR DOGS IN THEIR TEMPORARY CUSTODY FOR THE PURPOSES OF REDEMPTION
BY AN OWNER, PLACEMENT FOR ADOPTION, BOARDING, GROOMING, TRAINING,
VETERINARY TREATMENT OR PROVISION OF OTHER SERVICES: ANIMAL SHELTERS,
DULY INCORPORATED HUMANE SOCIETIES, DULY INCORPORATED SOCIETIES FOR THE
PREVENTION OF CRUELTY TO ANIMALS, DULY INCORPORATED ANIMAL PROTECTIVE
ASSOCIATIONS, BOARDING KENNELS, GROOMING PARLORS, SALONS, PET SHOPS,
TRAINING ESTABLISHMENTS OR SIMILAR BUSINESSES OR ESTABLISHMENTS.
(2) An exemption from the dog license fees of section two of this act
shall be provided for guide dogs, hearing dogs, service dogs or police
work dogs, as such terms are defined in section 108 of the agriculture
and markets law.
S 6. Subdivision 2 of section 17-812 of the administrative code of the
city of New York, as added by section 28 of part T of chapter 59 of the
laws of 2010, is amended to read as follows:
2. Such fund shall consist of all moneys collected from the animal
population control program established pursuant to section 17-811 of
this chapter [and], ALL MONEYS COLLECTED FOR THE ADDITIONAL FEE CHARGED
FOR A LICENSE TO BE ISSUED OR RENEWED FOR AN UNSTERILIZED DOG PURSUANT
TO SUBDIVISION THREE OF section [three-a] TWO of chapter one hundred
S. 7667 6
fifteen of the laws of eighteen hundred ninety-four, THAT PORTION OF ANY
PENALTIES ASSESSED UNDER SECTION THREE OF SUCH CHAPTER DUE TO BE PAID TO
SUCH FUND, and all other moneys credited or transferred thereto from any
other fund or source pursuant to law.
S 7. This act shall take effect on the sixtieth day after it shall
have become a law, provided that upon the repeal of sections 1, 2, 2-a,
3, 3-a and 4 of chapter 115 of the laws of 1894, relating to the better
protection of lost and strayed animals and for securing the rights of
owners thereof, pursuant to section one of this act, any existing
licenses or renewals thereof issued under the provisions of such
sections shall continue to be valid for such terms as they were issued
under such provisions; and provided further that such licenses shall be
renewable pursuant to the new provisions added by section one of this
act; and provided further that upon the repeal of sections 1, 2, 2-a, 3,
3-a and 4 of chapter 115 of the laws of 1894, relating to the better
protection of lost and strayed animals and for securing the rights of
owners thereof, any license or renewal fees previously authorized and in
effect pursuant to such sections as of the date this act takes effect
shall remain in effect until new fees shall be adopted and take effect
pursuant to local law enacted in accordance with this act; and provided
further that notices of violation may not be issued pursuant to section
three of chapter 115 of the laws of 1894, relating to better protection
of lost and strayed animals and for securing the rights of owners there-
of, until the one hundred twentieth day after this act shall have become
a law.