S T A T E   O F   N E W   Y O R K
 ________________________________________________________________________
 
                                   3535
 
                        2025-2026 Regular Sessions
 
                           I N  A S S E M B L Y
 
                             January 28, 2025
                                ___________
 
 Introduced  by M. of A. SOLAGES -- read once and referred to the Commit-
   tee on Transportation
 
 AN ACT to amend the highway law, in relation to establishing  a  highway
   safety  corridor  on the Southern State Parkway located in Long Island
   and to making conforming changes; to amend the vehicle and traffic law
   and the general municipal law,  in  relation  to  certain  notices  of
   liability;  and  to  amend the vehicle and traffic law, in relation to
   establishing a  demonstration  program  implementing  speed  violation
   monitoring  systems in the Southern State Parkway safety zone by means
   of photo devices
 
   THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, REPRESENTED IN SENATE AND  ASSEM-
 BLY, DO ENACT AS FOLLOWS:
 
   Section  1.   Article 13 of the highway law is redesignated article 15
 and sections 350, 351, 351-a, 352, 353 and 354 are  renumbered  sections
 400, 401, 402, 403, 404 and 405.
   §  2. The highway law is amended by adding a new article 13 to read as
 follows:
                                 ARTICLE 13
                         HIGHWAY SAFETY CORRIDORS
 SECTION 375.   PURPOSE AND APPLICATION.
         375-A. DEFINITIONS.
         375-B. SOUTHERN STATE PARKWAY HIGHWAY SAFETY CORRIDOR.
         375-C. TRAFFIC SIGNS.
   § 375.  PURPOSE AND APPLICATION. 1. THIS ARTICLE IS ENACTED TO IMPROVE
 SAFETY IN A TARGETED HIGH CRASH LOCATION DESIGNATED AS A HIGHWAY  SAFETY
 CORRIDOR  WHERE MOTORISTS ARE EXPOSED TO INCREASED LEVELS OF ENFORCEMENT
 AND INCREASED PENALTIES FOR MOVING VIOLATIONS RELATING TO UNSAFE DRIVING
 BEHAVIOR.
   2. THE SIGNS SPECIFIED IN THIS ARTICLE ARE IN ADDITION TO  THE  TRAFF-
 IC-CONTROL  DEVICES  REQUIRED  BY  DEPARTMENT  REGULATIONS  AND APPLY TO
 PUBLIC HIGHWAYS WITHIN THIS STATE.

  EXPLANATION--Matter in ITALICS (underscored) is new; matter in brackets
                       [ ] is old law to be omitted.
                                                            LBD07012-01-5
              

 A. 3535                             2
 
   § 375-A. DEFINITIONS.  AS USED IN THIS ARTICLE, "SOUTHERN STATE  PARK-
 WAY  HIGHWAY  SAFETY  CORRIDOR"  OR  "CORRIDOR" MEANS THE SOUTHERN STATE
 PARKWAY.
   § 375-B. SOUTHERN STATE PARKWAY HIGHWAY SAFETY CORRIDOR.  THE CORRIDOR
 SHALL  BE  DESIGNATED  AS  A  HIGHWAY SAFETY CORRIDOR IN WHICH INCREASED
 PENALTIES WILL APPLY FOR VIOLATIONS RELATING TO THE  DUTY  OF  A  DRIVER
 UNDER THE VEHICLE AND TRAFFIC LAW PROVIDED THERE IS A WRITTEN COMMITMENT
 FROM  THE LOCAL AND STATE LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE FOR HIGH-
 WAY PATROL ALONG THE CORRIDOR TO PROVIDE VISIBLE, SUSTAINED  ENFORCEMENT
 ACTIVITY WITHIN THE LIMITS OF THE MARKED CORRIDOR.
   § 375-C. TRAFFIC SIGNS. TRAFFIC SIGNS SHALL BE INSTALLED AS FOLLOWS:
   1.  A  SIGN  READING "SAFETY CORRIDOR-ELECTRONIC SPEED ENFORCEMENT AND
 FINES DOUBLED" SHALL BE INSTALLED AS CLOSE AS PRACTICAL TO THE BEGINNING
 OF THE SOUTHERN STATE PARKWAY HIGHWAY SAFETY  CORRIDOR  AND  AFTER  EACH
 INTERCHANGE ALONG THE CORRIDOR; AND
   2.  A SIGN READING "END SAFETY CORRIDOR ZONE" SHALL BE INSTALLED IMME-
 DIATELY AT THE END OF EACH HIGHWAY SAFETY CORRIDOR.
   § 3. Subdivision 1 of section 235 of the vehicle and traffic  law,  as
 amended  by  section  2 of part MM of chapter 56 of the laws of 2023, is
 amended to read as follows:
   1. Notwithstanding any inconsistent provision of any general,  special
 or  local  law or administrative code to the contrary, in any city which
 heretofore or hereafter is authorized  to  establish  an  administrative
 tribunal:  (a)  to  hear and determine complaints of traffic infractions
 constituting parking, standing or stopping violations, or (b) to adjudi-
 cate the liability of  owners  for  violations  of  subdivision  (d)  of
 section  eleven  hundred  eleven  of  this chapter imposed pursuant to a
 local law or ordinance imposing monetary liability on  the  owner  of  a
 vehicle  for  failure of an operator thereof to comply with traffic-con-
 trol indications through the installation and operation of  traffic-con-
 trol signal photo violation-monitoring systems, in accordance with arti-
 cle  twenty-four  of this chapter, or (c) to adjudicate the liability of
 owners for violations of subdivision  (b),  (c),  (d),  (f)  or  (g)  of
 section  eleven  hundred  eighty  of  this chapter imposed pursuant to a
 demonstration program imposing monetary liability  on  the  owner  of  a
 vehicle  for  failure  of an operator thereof to comply with such posted
 maximum speed limits through the installation  and  operation  of  photo
 speed violation monitoring systems, in accordance with article thirty of
 this  chapter,  or  (d)  to  adjudicate  the  liability  of  owners  for
 violations of bus lane restrictions as defined by article twenty-four of
 this chapter imposed pursuant to a bus rapid  transit  program  imposing
 monetary  liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator
 thereof to comply with such bus lane restrictions through the  installa-
 tion and operation of bus lane photo devices, in accordance with article
 twenty-four  of  this  chapter,  or  (e)  to adjudicate the liability of
 owners for violations of toll collection regulations imposed by  certain
 public  authorities pursuant to the law authorizing such public authori-
 ties to impose monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for  failure
 of  an  operator  thereof  to comply with toll collection regulations of
 such public  authorities  through  the  installation  and  operation  of
 photo-monitoring  systems,  in accordance with the provisions of section
 two thousand nine hundred eighty-five of the public authorities law  and
 sections  sixteen-a,  sixteen-b  and  sixteen-c of chapter seven hundred
 seventy-four of the laws of nineteen hundred fifty, or (f) to adjudicate
 the liability of owners for violations of section eleven hundred  seven-
 ty-four of this chapter when meeting a school bus marked and equipped as
 A. 3535                             3
 
 provided  in  subdivisions  twenty  and  twenty-one-c  of  section three
 hundred seventy-five of this chapter imposed pursuant to a local law  or
 ordinance  imposing  monetary  liability  on  the owner of a vehicle for
 failure  of  an  operator  thereof  to comply with school bus red visual
 signals through the installation  and  operation  of  school  bus  photo
 violation  monitoring systems, in accordance with article twenty-nine of
 this  chapter,  or  (g)  to  adjudicate  the  liability  of  owners  for
 violations  of section three hundred eighty-five of this chapter and the
 rules of the department of transportation of the city  of  New  York  in
 relation  to  gross vehicle weight and/or axle weight violations imposed
 pursuant to a weigh in motion demonstration  program  imposing  monetary
 liability  on  the owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator thereof
 to comply with such gross vehicle weight and/or axle weight restrictions
 through the installation and operation  of  weigh  in  motion  violation
 monitoring  systems,  in accordance with article ten of this chapter, or
 (h) to adjudicate the liability of owners for violations of  subdivision
 (b),  (d),  (f)  or (g) of section eleven hundred eighty of this chapter
 imposed pursuant to a demonstration program imposing monetary  liability
 on  the  owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator thereof to comply
 with such posted maximum speed limits within a highway  construction  or
 maintenance  work  area  through the installation and operation of photo
 speed violation monitoring systems, in accordance with article thirty of
 this  chapter,  or  (i)  to  adjudicate  the  liability  of  owners  for
 violations  of  bus  operation-related traffic regulations as defined by
 article twenty-four of this chapter imposed pursuant to a  demonstration
 program  imposing monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for fail-
 ure of an operator thereof to comply  with  such  bus  operation-related
 traffic regulations through the installation and operation of bus opera-
 tion-related  photo  devices,  in accordance with article twenty-four of
 this chapter, such tribunal and the  rules  and  regulations  pertaining
 thereto shall be constituted in substantial conformance with the follow-
 ing  sections,  OR  (J)  TO  ADJUDICATE  THE  LIABILITY  OF  OWNERS  FOR
 VIOLATIONS OF SUBDIVISION (B), (D), (F) OR (G) OF SECTION ELEVEN HUNDRED
 EIGHTY-H  OF THIS CHAPTER IMPOSED PURSUANT TO  A  DEMONSTRATION  PROGRAM
 IMPOSING  MONETARY LIABILITY ON THE OWNER OF A VEHICLE FOR FAILURE OF AN
 OPERATOR THEREOF TO COMPLY WITH SUCH POSTED MAXIMUM SPEED LIMITS  WITHIN
 A  HIGHWAY  SAFETY  CORRIDOR  THROUGH  THE INSTALLATION AND OPERATION OF
 PHOTO SPEED VIOLATION MONITORING SYSTEMS,  IN  ACCORDANCE  WITH  ARTICLE
 THIRTY  OF  THIS  CHAPTER,  SUCH  TRIBUNAL AND THE RULES AND REGULATIONS
 PERTAINING  THERETO SHALL BE CONSTITUTED IN SUBSTANTIAL CONFORMANCE WITH
 SUCH SECTIONS.
   § 4. Subdivision 1 of section 236 of the vehicle and traffic  law,  as
 amended  by  section  3 of part MM of chapter 56 of the laws of 2023, is
 amended to read as follows:
   1. Creation. In any city as hereinbefore or hereafter authorized  such
 tribunal  when  created  shall be known as the parking violations bureau
 and shall have jurisdiction of traffic infractions  which  constitute  a
 parking violation and, where authorized: (a) to adjudicate the liability
 of  owners  for  violations of subdivision (d) of section eleven hundred
 eleven of this chapter imposed pursuant to  a  local  law  or  ordinance
 imposing  monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an
 operator thereof to comply with traffic-control indications through  the
 installation  and  operation  of traffic-control signal photo violation-
 monitoring systems, in accordance with article twenty-four of this chap-
 ter, or (b) to adjudicate the liability  of  owners  for  violations  of
 subdivision  (b),  (c), (d), (f) or (g) of section eleven hundred eighty
 A. 3535                             4

 of this chapter imposed pursuant to  a  demonstration  program  imposing
 monetary  liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator
 thereof to comply with such posted  maximum  speed  limits  through  the
 installation  and operation of photo speed violation monitoring systems,
 in accordance with article thirty of this chapter, or (c) to  adjudicate
 the  liability  of  owners  for  violations  of bus lane restrictions as
 defined by article twenty-four of this chapter imposed pursuant to a bus
 rapid transit program imposing monetary liability  on  the  owner  of  a
 vehicle  for failure of an operator thereof to comply with such bus lane
 restrictions through the installation and operation of  bus  lane  photo
 devices,  in accordance with article twenty-four of this chapter, or (d)
 to adjudicate the liability of owners for violations of toll  collection
 regulations  imposed  by  certain public authorities pursuant to the law
 authorizing such public authorities to impose monetary liability on  the
 owner  of  a  vehicle  for failure of an operator thereof to comply with
 toll collection regulations  of  such  public  authorities  through  the
 installation  and  operation  of photo-monitoring systems, in accordance
 with the provisions of section two thousand nine hundred eighty-five  of
 the  public  authorities  law  and  sections  sixteen-a,  sixteen-b  and
 sixteen-c of chapter seven hundred seventy-four of the laws of  nineteen
 hundred  fifty,  or  (e)  to  adjudicate  the  liability  of  owners for
 violations of section eleven hundred seventy-four of this  chapter  when
 meeting  a  school  bus  marked and equipped as provided in subdivisions
 twenty and twenty-one-c of section three hundred  seventy-five  of  this
 chapter  imposed  pursuant to a local law or ordinance imposing monetary
 liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an  operator  thereof
 to  comply  with  school bus red visual signals through the installation
 and operation of school  bus  photo  violation  monitoring  systems,  in
 accordance  with  article twenty-nine of this chapter, or (f) to adjudi-
 cate the liability of owners for violations  of  section  three  hundred
 eighty-five of this chapter and the rules of the department of transpor-
 tation  of  the  city  of  New  York in relation to gross vehicle weight
 and/or axle weight violations imposed pursuant  to  a  weigh  in  motion
 demonstration  program  imposing  monetary  liability  on the owner of a
 vehicle for failure of an operator thereof to  comply  with  such  gross
 vehicle  weight and/or axle weight restrictions through the installation
 and operation of  weigh  in  motion  violation  monitoring  systems,  in
 accordance  with  article  ten of this chapter, or (g) to adjudicate the
 liability of owners for violations of subdivision (b), (d), (f)  or  (g)
 of  section  eleven hundred eighty of this chapter imposed pursuant to a
 demonstration program imposing monetary liability  on  the  owner  of  a
 vehicle  for  failure  of an operator thereof to comply with such posted
 maximum speed limits within a highway construction or  maintenance  work
 area  through  the  installation  and operation of photo speed violation
 monitoring systems, in accordance with article thirty of  this  chapter,
 or (h) to adjudicate the liability of owners for violations of bus oper-
 ation-related  traffic  regulations as defined by article twenty-four of
 this chapter imposed pursuant to a demonstration program imposing  mone-
 tary  liability  on  the  owner  of a vehicle for failure of an operator
 thereof to comply with such bus  operation-related  traffic  regulations
 through  the  installation  and operation of bus operation-related photo
 devices, in accordance with article twenty-four of this chapter, OR  (I)
 TO ADJUDICATE THE LIABILITY OF OWNERS FOR VIOLATIONS OF SUBDIVISION (B),
 (D),  (F)  OR  (G)  OF  SECTION  ELEVEN HUNDRED EIGHTY-H OF THIS CHAPTER
 IMPOSED PURSUANT TO A DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM IMPOSING MONETARY  LIABILITY
 ON  THE OWNER OF A VEHICLE FOR FAILURE OF AN  OPERATOR THEREOF TO COMPLY
 A. 3535                             5
 
 WITH SUCH POSTED MAXIMUM SPEED LIMITS WITHIN A HIGHWAY  CONSTRUCTION  OR
 MAINTENANCE  WORK  AREA  THROUGH THE INSTALLATION AND OPERATION OF PHOTO
 SPEED VIOLATION MONITORING SYSTEMS, IN ACCORDANCE WITH  ARTICLE   THIRTY
 OF  THIS CHAPTER, SUCH TRIBUNAL AND THE RULES AND REGULATIONS PERTAINING
 THERETO SHALL  BE  CONSTITUTED  IN  SUBSTANTIAL  CONFORMANCE  WITH  SUCH
 SECTIONS.  Such  tribunal,  except  in  a  city with a population of one
 million or more, shall  also  have  jurisdiction  of  abandoned  vehicle
 violations. For the purposes of this article, a parking violation is the
 violation of any law, rule or regulation providing for or regulating the
 parking,  stopping or standing of a vehicle. In addition for purposes of
 this article, "commissioner" shall mean and include the commissioner  of
 traffic  of  the  city  or  an  official  possessing authority as such a
 commissioner.
   § 5. Paragraph f of subdivision 1 of section 239 of  the  vehicle  and
 traffic  law,  as  amended  by section 4 of part MM of chapter 56 of the
 laws of 2023, is amended to read as follows:
   f. "Notice of violation" means a notice of  violation  as  defined  in
 subdivision  nine  of  section two hundred thirty-seven of this article,
 but shall not be deemed to include a notice of liability issued pursuant
 to authorization set forth in articles ten, twenty-four, twenty-nine and
 thirty of this chapter, section two thousand nine hundred eighty-five of
 the  public  authorities  law  and  sections  sixteen-a,  sixteen-b  and
 sixteen-c  of chapter seven hundred seventy-four of the laws of nineteen
 hundred fifty to impose monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for
 failure of an operator thereof: to  comply  with  traffic-control  indi-
 cations in violation of subdivision (d) of section eleven hundred eleven
 of  this  chapter through the installation and operation of traffic-con-
 trol signal photo violation-monitoring systems, in accordance with arti-
 cle twenty-four of this chapter; or to comply with certain posted  maxi-
 mum  speed  limits in violation of subdivision (b), (c), (d), (f) or (g)
 of section eleven hundred eighty of this chapter through  the  installa-
 tion  and  operation  of  photo  speed  violation monitoring systems, in
 accordance with article thirty of this chapter; or to  comply  with  bus
 lane  restrictions  as  defined  by  article twenty-four of this chapter
 through the installation and operation of bus  lane  photo  devices,  in
 accordance  with  article twenty-four of this chapter; or to comply with
 toll collection regulations of certain public  authorities  through  the
 installation  and  operation  of photo-monitoring systems, in accordance
 with the provisions of section two thousand nine hundred eighty-five  of
 the  public  authorities  law  and  sections  sixteen-a,  sixteen-b  and
 sixteen-c of chapter seven hundred seventy-four of the laws of  nineteen
 hundred  fifty;  or  to  stop  for  a school bus displaying a red visual
 signal in violation of section eleven hundred seventy-four of this chap-
 ter through the installation and operation of school bus photo violation
 monitoring systems, in accordance with article twenty-nine of this chap-
 ter; or to comply with certain posted maximum speed limits in  violation
 of  subdivision (b), (d), (f) or (g) of section eleven hundred eighty of
 this chapter within a highway  construction  or  maintenance  work  area
 through the installation and operation of photo speed violation monitor-
 ing  systems,  in  accordance with article thirty of this chapter; OR TO
 COMPLY WITH CERTAIN POSTED MAXIMUM SPEED LIMITS IN VIOLATION OF SUBDIVI-
 SION (B), (D), (F) OR (G) OF SECTION ELEVEN  HUNDRED  EIGHTY-H  OF  THIS
 CHAPTER  WITHIN  A  HIGHWAY SAFETY CORRIDOR THROUGH THE INSTALLATION AND
 OPERATION OF PHOTO SPEED VIOLATION  MONITORING  SYSTEMS,  IN  ACCORDANCE
 WITH  ARTICLE  THIRTY  OF  THIS CHAPTER; or to comply with gross vehicle
 weight and/or axle weight restrictions in  violation  of  section  three
 A. 3535                             6
 
 hundred  eighty-five  of this chapter and the rules of the department of
 transportation of the city of New  York  through  the  installation  and
 operation of weigh in motion violation monitoring systems, in accordance
 with article ten of this chapter; or to comply with bus operation-relat-
 ed traffic regulations as defined by article twenty-four of this chapter
 in  violation  of  the  rules of the department of transportation of the
 city of New York through the installation and operation  of  bus  opera-
 tion-related  photo  devices,  in accordance with article twenty-four of
 this chapter.
   § 6. Subdivisions 1 and 1-a of section 240 of the vehicle and  traffic
 law,  as  amended  by  section 5 of part MM of chapter 56 of the laws of
 2023, are amended to read as follows:
   1. Notice of  hearing.  Whenever  a  person  charged  with  a  parking
 violation  enters a plea of not guilty; or a person alleged to be liable
 in accordance with any provisions of law  specifically  authorizing  the
 imposition  of  monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure
 of an operator thereof: to comply with  traffic-control  indications  in
 violation  of  subdivision  (d) of section eleven hundred eleven of this
 chapter through the installation and operation of traffic-control signal
 photo violation-monitoring systems, in accordance with  article  twenty-
 four  of  this  chapter;  or to comply with certain posted maximum speed
 limits in violation of subdivision (b), (c), (d), (f) or (g) of  section
 eleven hundred eighty of this chapter through the installation and oper-
 ation  of  photo  speed violation monitoring systems, in accordance with
 article thirty of this chapter; or to comply with bus lane  restrictions
 as  defined by article twenty-four of this chapter through the installa-
 tion and operation of bus lane photo devices, in accordance with article
 twenty-four of this chapter; or to comply  with  toll  collection  regu-
 lations of certain public authorities through the installation and oper-
 ation  of photo-monitoring systems, in accordance with the provisions of
 section two thousand nine hundred eighty-five of the public  authorities
 law  and  sections  sixteen-a,  sixteen-b and sixteen-c of chapter seven
 hundred seventy-four of the laws of nineteen hundred fifty; or  to  stop
 for  a school bus displaying a red visual signal in violation of section
 eleven hundred seventy-four of this chapter through the installation and
 operation of school bus photo violation monitoring systems,  in  accord-
 ance with article twenty-nine of this chapter; or to comply with certain
 posted maximum speed limits in violation of subdivision (b), (d), (f) or
 (g)  of  section  eleven hundred eighty of this chapter within a highway
 construction or maintenance work area through the installation and oper-
 ation of photo speed violation monitoring systems,  in  accordance  with
 article thirty of this chapter; OR TO COMPLY WITH CERTAIN POSTED MAXIMUM
 SPEED LIMITS IN VIOLATION OF SUBDIVISION (B), (D), (F) OR (G) OF SECTION
 ELEVEN HUNDRED EIGHTY-H OF THIS CHAPTER WITHIN A HIGHWAY SAFETY CORRIDOR
 THROUGH THE INSTALLATION AND OPERATION OF PHOTO SPEED VIOLATION MONITOR-
 ING  SYSTEMS,  IN  ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE THIRTY OF THIS CHAPTER; or to
 comply with gross vehicle weight  and/or  axle  weight  restrictions  in
 violation  of  section three hundred eighty-five of this chapter and the
 rules of the department of  transportation  of  the  city  of  New  York
 through  the  installation  and  operation  of weigh in motion violation
 monitoring systems, in accordance with article ten of this  chapter;  or
 to  comply  with bus operation-related traffic regulations as defined by
 article twenty-four of this chapter in violation of  the  rules  of  the
 department of transportation of the city of New York through the instal-
 lation  and operation of bus operation-related photo devices, in accord-
 ance with article twenty-four of this chapter, contests such allegation,
 A. 3535                             7
 
 the bureau shall advise such person personally by  such  form  of  first
 class  mail  as the director may direct of the date on which [he or she]
 THE PERSON must appear to answer the charge at a hearing. The  form  and
 content  of  such notice of hearing shall be prescribed by the director,
 and shall contain a warning to advise the person so pleading or contest-
 ing that failure to appear on the date designated, or on any  subsequent
 adjourned  date,  shall  be deemed an admission of liability, and that a
 default judgment may be entered thereon.
   1-a. Fines and penalties. Whenever a  plea  of  not  guilty  has  been
 entered, or the bureau has been notified that an allegation of liability
 in  accordance with provisions of law specifically authorizing the impo-
 sition of monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an
 operator  thereof:  to  comply  with  traffic-control   indications   in
 violation  of  subdivision  (d) of section eleven hundred eleven of this
 chapter through the installation and operation of traffic-control signal
 photo violation-monitoring systems, in accordance with  article  twenty-
 four  of  this  chapter;  or to comply with certain posted maximum speed
 limits in violation of subdivision (b), (c), (d), (f) or (g) of  section
 eleven hundred eighty of this chapter through the installation and oper-
 ation  of  photo  speed violation monitoring systems, in accordance with
 article thirty of this chapter; or to comply with bus lane  restrictions
 as  defined by article twenty-four of this chapter through the installa-
 tion and operation of bus lane photo devices, in accordance with article
 twenty-four of this chapter; or to comply  with  toll  collection  regu-
 lations of certain public authorities through the installation and oper-
 ation  of photo-monitoring systems, in accordance with the provisions of
 section two thousand nine hundred eighty-five of the public  authorities
 law  and  sections  sixteen-a,  sixteen-b and sixteen-c of chapter seven
 hundred seventy-four of the laws of nineteen hundred fifty; or  to  stop
 for  a school bus displaying a red visual signal in violation of section
 eleven hundred seventy-four of this chapter through the installation and
 operation of school bus photo violation monitoring systems,  in  accord-
 ance with article twenty-nine of this chapter; or to comply with certain
 posted maximum speed limits in violation of subdivision (b), (d), (f) or
 (g)  of  section  eleven hundred eighty of this chapter within a highway
 construction or maintenance work area through the installation and oper-
 ation of photo speed violation monitoring systems,  in  accordance  with
 article thirty of this chapter; OR TO COMPLY WITH CERTAIN POSTED MAXIMUM
 SPEED LIMITS IN VIOLATION OF SUBDIVISION (B), (D), (F) OR (G) OF SECTION
 ELEVEN HUNDRED EIGHTY-H OF THIS CHAPTER WITHIN A HIGHWAY SAFETY CORRIDOR
 THROUGH THE INSTALLATION AND OPERATION OF PHOTO SPEED VIOLATION MONITOR-
 ING  SYSTEMS,  IN  ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE THIRTY OF THIS CHAPTER; or to
 comply with gross vehicle weight  and/or  axle  weight  restrictions  in
 violation  of  section three hundred eighty-five of this chapter and the
 rules of the department of  transportation  of  the  city  of  New  York
 through  the  installation  and  operation  of weigh in motion violation
 monitoring systems, in accordance with article ten of this  chapter;  or
 to  comply  with bus operation-related traffic regulations as defined by
 article twenty-four of this chapter in violation of  the  rules  of  the
 department of transportation of the city of New York through the instal-
 lation  and operation of bus operation-related photo devices, in accord-
 ance with article twenty-four of this chapter, is being contested, by  a
 person  in  a  timely  fashion  and  a  hearing upon the merits has been
 demanded, but has not yet been held, the  bureau  shall  not  issue  any
 notice  of fine or penalty to that person prior to the date of the hear-
 ing.
 A. 3535                             8
 
   § 7. Paragraphs a and g of subdivision 2 of section 240 of the vehicle
 and traffic law, as amended by section 6 of part MM of chapter  56  laws
 of 2023, are amended to read as follows:
   a. Every hearing for the adjudication of a charge of parking violation
 or an allegation of liability of an owner for a violation of subdivision
 (d) of section eleven hundred eleven of this chapter imposed pursuant to
 a  local  law or ordinance imposing monetary liability on the owner of a
 vehicle for failure of an operator thereof to comply  with  traffic-con-
 trol  indications through the installation and operation of traffic-con-
 trol signal photo violation-monitoring systems, in accordance with arti-
 cle twenty-four of this chapter, or an allegation  of  liability  of  an
 owner  for  a  violation  of  subdivision  (b),  (c), (d), (f) or (g) of
 section eleven hundred eighty of this  chapter  imposed  pursuant  to  a
 demonstration  program  imposing  monetary  liability  on the owner of a
 vehicle for failure of an operator thereof to comply with certain posted
 maximum speed limits through the installation  and  operation  of  photo
 speed violation monitoring systems, in accordance with article thirty of
 this  chapter, or an allegation of liability of an owner for a violation
 of bus lane restrictions as defined by article twenty-four of this chap-
 ter imposed pursuant to a bus rapid transit  program  imposing  monetary
 liability  on  the owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator thereof
 to comply with such bus lane restrictions through the  installation  and
 operation  of bus lane photo devices, in accordance with article twenty-
 four of this chapter, or an allegation of liability of an  owner  for  a
 violation  of  toll  collection  regulations  imposed  by certain public
 authorities pursuant to the law authorizing such public  authorities  to
 impose  monetary  liability  on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an
 operator thereof to comply with  toll  collection  regulations  of  such
 public authorities through the installation and operation of photo-moni-
 toring  systems,  in accordance with the provisions of section two thou-
 sand nine hundred eighty-five of the public authorities law and sections
 sixteen-a, sixteen-b and sixteen-c of chapter seven hundred seventy-four
 of the laws of nineteen hundred fifty, or an allegation of liability  of
 an  owner for a violation of section eleven hundred seventy-four of this
 chapter when meeting a school bus marked and  equipped  as  provided  in
 subdivisions  twenty  and twenty-one-c of section three hundred seventy-
 five of this chapter imposed pursuant to a local law or ordinance impos-
 ing monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an oper-
 ator thereof to comply with school bus red visual  signals  through  the
 installation  and  operation  of  school  bus photo violation monitoring
 systems, in accordance with article twenty-nine of this chapter,  or  an
 allegation  of liability of an owner for a violation of subdivision (b),
 (d), (f) or (g) of section eleven hundred eighty of this chapter imposed
 pursuant to a demonstration program imposing monetary liability  on  the
 owner  of  a  vehicle  for failure of an operator thereof to comply with
 certain posted maximum speed limits within  a  highway  construction  or
 maintenance  work  area  through the installation and operation of photo
 speed violation monitoring systems, in accordance with article thirty of
 this chapter, OR AN ALLEGATION OF LIABILITY OF AN OWNER FOR A  VIOLATION
 OF  SUBDIVISION  (B), (D), (F) OR (G) OF SECTION ELEVEN HUNDRED EIGHTY-H
 OF THIS CHAPTER IMPOSED PURSUANT TO  A  DEMONSTRATION  PROGRAM  IMPOSING
 MONETARY  LIABILITY ON THE OWNER OF A VEHICLE FOR FAILURE OF AN OPERATOR
 THEREOF TO COMPLY WITH CERTAIN POSTED MAXIMUM SPEED LIMITS IN  VIOLATION
 OF  SUBDIVISION  (B), (D), (F) OR (G) OF SECTION ELEVEN HUNDRED EIGHTY-H
 OF THIS CHAPTER WITHIN A HIGHWAY SAFETY CORRIDOR THROUGH  THE  INSTALLA-
 TION  AND  OPERATION  OF  PHOTO  SPEED  VIOLATION MONITORING SYSTEMS, IN
 A. 3535                             9
 
 ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE THIRTY OF THIS  CHAPTER,  or  an  allegation  of
 liability  of  an owner for a violation of section three hundred eighty-
 five of this chapter and the rules of the department  of  transportation
 of  the city of New York in relation to gross vehicle weight and/or axle
 weight violations imposed pursuant to a weigh  in  motion  demonstration
 program  imposing monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for fail-
 ure of an operator thereof to comply  with  such  gross  vehicle  weight
 and/or  axle  weight restrictions through the installation and operation
 of weigh in motion violation  monitoring  systems,  in  accordance  with
 article  ten  of this chapter, or an allegation of liability of an owner
 for a violation of bus operation-related traffic regulations as  defined
 by  article  twenty-four  of  this  chapter imposed pursuant to a demon-
 stration program imposing monetary liability on the owner of  a  vehicle
 for failure of an operator thereof to comply with such bus operation-re-
 lated  traffic regulations through the installation and operation of bus
 operation-related photo devices, in accordance with article  twenty-four
 of  this  chapter, shall be held before a hearing examiner in accordance
 with rules and regulations promulgated by the bureau.
   g. A record shall be made of a hearing on a plea of not guilty or of a
 hearing at which liability in accordance  with  any  provisions  of  law
 specifically  authorizing  the  imposition  of monetary liability on the
 owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator thereof:  to  comply  with
 traffic-control  indications  in violation of subdivision (d) of section
 eleven hundred eleven of this chapter through the installation and oper-
 ation of traffic-control signal photo violation-monitoring  systems,  in
 accordance  with  article  twenty-four  of  this chapter; to comply with
 certain posted maximum speed limits in  violation  of  subdivision  (b),
 (c),  (d),  (f)  or (g) of section eleven hundred eighty of this chapter
 through the installation and operation of photo speed violation monitor-
 ing systems, in accordance with  article  thirty  of  this  chapter;  to
 comply  with  bus lane restrictions as defined by article twenty-four of
 this chapter through the installation and operation of  bus  lane  photo
 devices,  in  accordance  with  article  twenty-four of this chapter; to
 comply with toll collection regulations of  certain  public  authorities
 through  the  installation and operation of photo-monitoring systems, in
 accordance with the provisions of  section  two  thousand  nine  hundred
 eighty-five  of  the  public  authorities  law  and  sections sixteen-a,
 sixteen-b and sixteen-c of chapter seven  hundred  seventy-four  of  the
 laws  of  nineteen  hundred fifty; to stop for a school bus displaying a
 red visual signal in violation of section eleven hundred seventy-four of
 this chapter through the installation and operation of school bus  photo
 violation  monitoring systems, in accordance with article twenty-nine of
 this chapter; to comply with certain  posted  maximum  speed  limits  in
 violation  of subdivision (b), (d), (f) or (g) of section eleven hundred
 eighty of this chapter within a highway construction or maintenance work
 area through the installation and operation  of  photo  speed  violation
 monitoring  systems,  in accordance with article thirty of this chapter;
 OR AN ALLEGATION OF LIABILITY OF AN OWNER FOR A VIOLATION OF SUBDIVISION
 (B), (D), (F) OR (G) OF SECTION ELEVEN HUNDRED EIGHTY-H OF THIS  CHAPTER
 IMPOSED  PURSUANT TO A DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM IMPOSING MONETARY LIABILITY
 ON THE OWNER OF A VEHICLE FOR FAILURE OF AN OPERATOR THEREOF  TO  COMPLY
 WITH  CERTAIN POSTED MAXIMUM SPEED LIMITS WITHIN A HIGHWAY SAFETY CORRI-
 DOR THROUGH THE INSTALLATION AND  OPERATION  OF  PHOTO  SPEED  VIOLATION
 MONITORING  SYSTEMS,  IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE THIRTY OF THIS CHAPTER,
 OR to comply with gross vehicle weight and/or axle  weight  restrictions
 in  violation  of  section three hundred eighty-five of this chapter and
 A. 3535                            10
 
 the rules of the department of transportation of the city  of  New  York
 through  the  installation  and  operation  of weigh in motion violation
 monitoring systems, in accordance with article ten of this  chapter;  or
 to  comply  with bus operation-related traffic regulations as defined by
 article twenty-four of this chapter in violation of  the  rules  of  the
 department of transportation of the city of New York through the instal-
 lation  and operation of bus operation-related photo devices, in accord-
 ance with article twenty-four of this chapter, is contested.   Recording
 devices may be used for the making of the record.
   §  8.  Subdivisions  1 and 2 of section 241 of the vehicle and traffic
 law, as amended by section 7 of part MM of chapter 56  of  the  laws  of
 2023, are amended to read as follows:
   1.  The  hearing  examiner  shall make a determination on the charges,
 either sustaining or dismissing them. Where the hearing examiner  deter-
 mines that the charges have been sustained [he or she] THE HEARING EXAM-
 INER  may  examine  either  the  prior  parking violations record or the
 record of liabilities incurred in accordance with any provisions of  law
 specifically  authorizing  the  imposition  of monetary liability on the
 owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator thereof:  to  comply  with
 traffic-control  indications  in violation of subdivision (d) of section
 eleven hundred eleven of this chapter through the installation and oper-
 ation of traffic-control signal photo violation-monitoring  systems,  in
 accordance  with  article  twenty-four  of  this chapter; to comply with
 certain posted maximum speed limits in  violation  of  subdivision  (b),
 (c),  (d),  (f)  or (g) of section eleven hundred eighty of this chapter
 through the installation and operation of photo speed violation monitor-
 ing systems, in accordance with  article  thirty  of  this  chapter;  TO
 COMPLY WITH CERTAIN POSTED MAXIMUM SPEED LIMITS IN VIOLATION OF SUBDIVI-
 SION    (B),  (D), (F) OR (G) OF SECTION ELEVEN HUNDRED EIGHTY-H OF THIS
 CHAPTER WITHIN  A  HIGHWAY SAFETY CORRIDOR THROUGH THE INSTALLATION  AND
 OPERATION  OF  PHOTO  SPEED VIOLATION MONITORING SYSTEMS,  IN ACCORDANCE
 WITH   ARTICLE THIRTY   OF   THIS   CHAPTER; to  comply  with  bus  lane
 restrictions  as  defined by article twenty-four of this chapter through
 the installation and operation of bus lane photo devices, in  accordance
 with article twenty-four of this chapter; to comply with toll collection
 regulations  of  certain public authorities through the installation and
 operation of photo-monitoring systems, in accordance with the provisions
 of section two thousand nine hundred eighty-five of the public  authori-
 ties  law  and  sections  sixteen-a,  sixteen-b and sixteen-c of chapter
 seven hundred seventy-four of the laws of  nineteen  hundred  fifty;  to
 stop  for  a  school  bus displaying a red visual signal in violation of
 section eleven hundred seventy-four of this chapter through the  instal-
 lation  and  operation of school bus photo violation monitoring systems,
 in accordance with article twenty-nine of this chapter; to  comply  with
 certain  posted  maximum  speed  limits in violation of subdivision (b),
 (d), (f) or (g) of section eleven hundred eighty of this chapter  within
 a highway construction or maintenance work area through the installation
 and operation of photo speed violation monitoring systems, in accordance
 with article thirty of this chapter; to comply with gross vehicle weight
 and/or  axle  weight  restrictions in violation of section three hundred
 eighty-five of this chapter and the rules of the department of transpor-
 tation of the city of New York through the installation and operation of
 weigh in motion violation monitoring systems, in accordance with article
 ten of this chapter; or to comply  with  bus  operation-related  traffic
 regulations  as  defined  by  article  twenty-four  of  this  chapter in
 violation of the rules of the department of transportation of  the  city
 A. 3535                            11

 of  New York through the installation and operation of bus operation-re-
 lated photo devices, in accordance  with  article  twenty-four  of  this
 chapter, of the person charged, as applicable prior to rendering a final
 determination.  Final  determinations  sustaining  or dismissing charges
 shall be entered on a final determination roll maintained by the  bureau
 together with records showing payment and nonpayment of penalties.
   2.  Where  an operator or owner fails to enter a plea to a charge of a
 parking violation or contest an allegation of  liability  in  accordance
 with  any  provisions  of law specifically authorizing the imposition of
 monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an  operator
 thereof:  to  comply  with  traffic-control  indications in violation of
 subdivision (d) of section eleven hundred eleven of this chapter through
 the installation and operation of traffic-control  signal  photo  viola-
 tion-monitoring  systems, in accordance with article twenty-four of this
 chapter; to comply with certain posted maximum speed limits in violation
 of subdivision (b), (c), (d), (f)  or  (g)  of  section  eleven  hundred
 eighty  of  this chapter through the installation and operation of photo
 speed violation monitoring systems, in accordance with article thirty of
 this chapter; TO COMPLY WITH CERTAIN  POSTED  MAXIMUM  SPEED  LIMITS  IN
 VIOLATION  OF SUBDIVISION (B), (D), (F) OR (G) OF SECTION ELEVEN HUNDRED
 EIGHTY-H OF THIS CHAPTER WITHIN A HIGHWAY SAFETY  CORRIDOR  THROUGH  THE
 INSTALLATION  AND OPERATION OF PHOTO SPEED VIOLATION MONITORING SYSTEMS,
 IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE THIRTY OF THIS CHAPTER; to  comply  with  bus
 lane  restrictions  as  defined  by  article twenty-four of this chapter
 through the installation and operation of bus  lane  photo  devices,  in
 accordance with article twenty-four of this chapter; to comply with toll
 collection regulations of certain public authorities through the instal-
 lation and operation of photo-monitoring systems, in accordance with the
 provisions  of  section  two  thousand  nine  hundred eighty-five of the
 public authorities law and sections sixteen-a, sixteen-b  and  sixteen-c
 of  chapter  seven  hundred seventy-four of the laws of nineteen hundred
 fifty; to stop for a school  bus  displaying  a  red  visual  signal  in
 violation of section eleven hundred seventy-four of this chapter through
 the  installation and operation of school bus photo violation monitoring
 systems, in accordance with article  twenty-nine  of  this  chapter;  to
 comply with certain posted maximum speed limits in violation of subdivi-
 sion (b), (d), (f) or (g) of section eleven hundred eighty of this chap-
 ter  within  a highway construction or maintenance work area through the
 installation and operation of photo speed violation monitoring  systems,
 in  accordance with article thirty of this chapter; to comply with gross
 vehicle weight and/or axle weight restrictions in violation  of  section
 three  hundred  eighty-five of this chapter and the rules of the depart-
 ment of transportation of the city of New York through the  installation
 and  operation  of  weigh  in  motion  violation  monitoring systems, in
 accordance with article ten of this chapter; or to comply with bus oper-
 ation-related traffic regulations as defined by article  twenty-four  of
 this  chapter in violation of the rules of the department of transporta-
 tion of the city of New York through the installation and  operation  of
 bus  operation-related photo devices, in accordance with article twenty-
 four of this chapter, or fails to appear on a designated hearing date or
 subsequent adjourned date or fails after a hearing to  comply  with  the
 determination of a hearing examiner, as prescribed by this article or by
 rule  or  regulation  of  the  bureau, such failure to plead or contest,
 appear or comply shall be deemed, for  all  purposes,  an  admission  of
 liability  and  shall  be  grounds  for rendering and entering a default
 judgment in an amount provided by  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the
 A. 3535                            12
 
 bureau.  However,  after  the expiration of the original date prescribed
 for entering a plea and before a default judgment may  be  rendered,  in
 such  case the bureau shall pursuant to the applicable provisions of law
 notify  such  operator or owner, by such form of first class mail as the
 commission may direct;  (1)  of  the  violation  charged,  or  liability
 alleged  in accordance with any provisions of law specifically authoriz-
 ing the imposition of monetary liability on the owner of a  vehicle  for
 failure  of  an  operator  thereof: to comply with traffic-control indi-
 cations in violation of subdivision (d) of section eleven hundred eleven
 of this chapter through the installation and operation  of  traffic-con-
 trol signal photo violation-monitoring systems, in accordance with arti-
 cle  twenty-four  of this chapter; to comply with certain posted maximum
 speed limits in violation of subdivision (b), (c), (d), (f)  or  (g)  of
 section  eleven  hundred eighty of this chapter through the installation
 and operation of photo speed violation monitoring systems, in accordance
 with  article  thirty  of  this  chapter;  to  comply  with   bus   lane
 restrictions  as  defined by article twenty-four of this chapter through
 the installation and operation of bus lane photo devices, in  accordance
 with article twenty-four of this chapter; to comply with toll collection
 regulations  of  certain public authorities through the installation and
 operation of photo-monitoring systems, in accordance with the provisions
 of section two thousand nine hundred eighty-five of the public  authori-
 ties  law  and  sections  sixteen-a,  sixteen-b and sixteen-c of chapter
 seven hundred seventy-four of the laws of  nineteen  hundred  fifty;  to
 stop  for  a  school  bus displaying a red visual signal in violation of
 section eleven hundred seventy-four of this chapter through the  instal-
 lation  and  operation of school bus photo violation monitoring systems,
 in accordance with article twenty-nine of this chapter; to  comply  with
 certain  posted  maximum  speed  limits in violation of subdivision (b),
 (d), (f) or (g) of section eleven hundred eighty of this chapter  within
 a highway construction or maintenance work area through the installation
 and operation of photo speed violation monitoring systems, in accordance
 with  article  thirty of this chapter;  OR TO COMPLY WITH CERTAIN POSTED
 MAXIMUM SPEED LIMITS IN VIOLATION OF SUBDIVISION (B), (D), (F) OR (G) OF
 SECTION ELEVEN HUNDRED EIGHTY-H OF THIS CHAPTER WITHIN A HIGHWAY  SAFETY
 CORRIDOR THROUGH THE INSTALLATION AND OPERATION OF PHOTO SPEED VIOLATION
 MONITORING  SYSTEMS,  IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE THIRTY OF THIS CHAPTER;
 to comply with gross vehicle weight and/or axle weight  restrictions  in
 violation  of  section three hundred eighty-five of this chapter and the
 rules of the department of  transportation  of  the  city  of  New  York
 through  the  installation  and  operation  of weigh in motion violation
 monitoring systems, in accordance with article ten of this  chapter;  or
 to  comply  with bus operation-related traffic regulations as defined by
 article twenty-four of this chapter in violation of  the  rules  of  the
 department of transportation of the city of New York through the instal-
 lation  and operation of bus operation-related photo devices, in accord-
 ance with article twenty-four of this  chapter,  (2)  of  the  impending
 default  judgment,  (3)  that such judgment will be entered in the Civil
 Court of the city in which the bureau has  been  established,  or  other
 court of civil jurisdiction or any other place provided for the entry of
 civil judgments within the state of New York, and (4) that a default may
 be  avoided  by entering a plea or contesting an allegation of liability
 in accordance with any provisions of law  specifically  authorizing  the
 imposition  of  monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure
 of an operator thereof: to comply with  traffic-control  indications  in
 violation  of  subdivision  (d) of section eleven hundred eleven of this
 A. 3535                            13
 
 chapter through the installation and operation of traffic-control signal
 photo violation-monitoring systems, in accordance with  article  twenty-
 four of this chapter; to comply with certain posted maximum speed limits
 in  violation of subdivision (b), (c), (d), (f) or (g) of section eleven
 hundred eighty of this chapter through the installation and operation of
 photo speed violation monitoring systems,  in  accordance  with  article
 thirty  of this chapter; to comply with bus lane restrictions as defined
 by article twenty-four of this  chapter  through  the  installation  and
 operation  of bus lane photo devices, in accordance with article twenty-
 four of this chapter; to comply  with  toll  collection  regulations  of
 certain  public  authorities  through  the installation and operation of
 photo-monitoring systems, in accordance with the provisions  of  section
 two  thousand nine hundred eighty-five of the public authorities law and
 sections sixteen-a, sixteen-b and sixteen-c  of  chapter  seven  hundred
 seventy-four of the laws of nineteen hundred fifty; to stop for a school
 bus  displaying  a  red  visual  signal  in  violation of section eleven
 hundred seventy-four of this chapter through the installation and opera-
 tion of school bus photo violation  monitoring  systems,  in  accordance
 with  article twenty-nine of this chapter; to comply with certain posted
 maximum speed limits in violation of subdivision (b), (d), (f) or (g) of
 section  eleven  hundred  eighty  of  this  chapter  within  a   highway
 construction or maintenance work area through the installation and oper-
 ation  of  photo  speed violation monitoring systems, in accordance with
 article thirty of this chapter; to  comply  with  gross  vehicle  weight
 and/or  axle  weight  restrictions in violation of section three hundred
 eighty-five of this chapter and the rules of the department of transpor-
 tation of the city of New York through the installation and operation of
 weigh in motion violation monitoring systems, in accordance with article
 ten of this chapter; or to comply  with  bus  operation-related  traffic
 regulations  as  defined  by  article  twenty-four  of  this  chapter in
 violation of the rules of the department of transportation of  the  city
 of  New York through the installation and operation of bus operation-re-
 lated photo devices, in accordance  with  article  twenty-four  of  this
 chapter;  or  making  an appearance within thirty days of the sending of
 such notice. Pleas entered and allegations contested within that  period
 shall be in the manner prescribed in the notice and not subject to addi-
 tional  penalty  or fee. Such notice of impending default judgment shall
 not be required prior to the rendering and entry thereof in the case  of
 operators  or  owners who are non-residents of the state of New York. In
 no case shall a default judgment  be  rendered  or,  where  required,  a
 notice  of impending default judgment be sent, more than two years after
 the expiration of the time prescribed for entering a plea or  contesting
 an allegation.  When a person has demanded a hearing, no fine or penalty
 shall be imposed for any reason, prior to the holding of the hearing. If
 the hearing examiner shall make a determination on the charges, sustain-
 ing  them,  [he  or  she]  THE  HEARING EXAMINER shall impose no greater
 penalty or fine than those upon which the person was originally charged.
   § 9. Paragraph a of subdivision 5-a of section 401 of the vehicle  and
 traffic  law,  as  separately  added by chapters 421, 460 and 773 of the
 laws of 2021, subparagraph (i) as amended by section 8  of  part  MM  of
 chapter 56 of the laws of 2023, is amended to read as follows:
   a.  [(i)]  If at the time of application for a registration or renewal
 thereof there is  a  certification  from  a  court,  parking  violations
 bureau, traffic and parking violations agency or administrative tribunal
 of  appropriate  jurisdiction  that  the  registrant or [his or her] THE
 REGISTRANT'S representative failed to appear on the return date  or  any
 A. 3535                            14
 
 subsequent  adjourned  date or failed to comply with the rules and regu-
 lations of an administrative tribunal following entry of a  final  deci-
 sion  in response to a total of three or more summonses or other process
 in  the  aggregate,  issued  within  an  eighteen month period, charging
 either that: (i) such motor vehicle was parked, stopped or standing,  or
 that  such motor vehicle was operated for hire by the registrant or [his
 or her] THE REGISTRANT'S agent without being licensed as a motor vehicle
 for hire by the appropriate local authority, in violation of any of  the
 provisions  of this chapter or of any law, ordinance, rule or regulation
 made by a local authority; or (ii)  the  registrant  was  liable  for  a
 violation  of  subdivision  (d) of section eleven hundred eleven of this
 chapter imposed pursuant to a local law or ordinance  imposing  monetary
 liability  on  the owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator thereof
 to comply with traffic-control indications through the installation  and
 operation  of traffic-control signal photo violation-monitoring systems,
 in accordance with article twenty-four of this  chapter;  or  (iii)  the
 registrant  was liable for a violation of subdivision (b), (c), (d), (f)
 or (g) of section eleven hundred eighty of this chapter imposed pursuant
 to a demonstration program imposing monetary liability on the owner of a
 vehicle for failure of an operator thereof to comply  with  such  posted
 maximum  speed  limits  through  the installation and operation of photo
 speed violation monitoring systems, in accordance with article thirty of
 this chapter; or (iv) the registrant was liable for a violation  of  bus
 lane  restrictions  as  defined  by  article twenty-four of this chapter
 imposed pursuant to  a  bus  rapid  transit  program  imposing  monetary
 liability  on  the owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator thereof
 to comply with such bus lane restrictions through the  installation  and
 operation  of bus lane photo devices, in accordance with article twenty-
 four of this chapter; or (v) the registrant was liable for  a  violation
 of  section  eleven  hundred seventy-four of this chapter when meeting a
 school bus marked and equipped as provided in  subdivisions  twenty  and
 twenty-one-c  of  section  three  hundred  seventy-five  of this chapter
 imposed pursuant to a local law or ordinance imposing monetary liability
 on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator thereof  to  comply
 with  school  bus red visual signals through the installation and opera-
 tion of school bus photo violation  monitoring  systems,  in  accordance
 with  article  twenty-nine  of  this chapter; or (vi) the registrant was
 liable for a violation of section  three  hundred  eighty-five  of  this
 chapter and the rules of the department of transportation of the city of
 New  York  in  relation  to  gross  vehicle  weight  and/or  axle weight
 violations imposed pursuant to a weigh in motion  demonstration  program
 imposing  monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an
 operator thereof to comply with such gross vehicle  weight  and/or  axle
 weight  restrictions  through the installation and operation of weigh in
 motion violation monitoring systems, in accordance with article  ten  of
 this  chapter;  or  (vii)  the  registrant was liable for a violation of
 subdivision (b), (d), (f) or (g) of section  eleven  hundred  eighty  of
 this  chapter imposed pursuant to a demonstration program imposing mone-
 tary liability on the owner of a vehicle  for  failure  of  an  operator
 thereof to comply with such posted maximum speed limits within a highway
 construction or maintenance work area through the installation and oper-
 ation  of  photo  speed violation monitoring systems, in accordance with
 article thirty of this chapter, or (viii) THE REGISTRANT WAS LIABLE  FOR
 A  VIOLATION  OF  SUBDIVISION  (B),  (D),  (F)  OR (G) OF SECTION ELEVEN
 HUNDRED EIGHTY-H OF THIS CHAPTER IMPOSED  PURSUANT  TO  A  DEMONSTRATION
 PROGRAM  IMPOSING MONETARY LIABILITY ON THE OWNER OF A VEHICLE FOR FAIL-
 A. 3535                            15
 
 URE OF AN OPERATOR THEREOF TO COMPLY  WITH  SUCH  POSTED  MAXIMUM  SPEED
 LIMITS  WITHIN  A  HIGHWAY  SAFETY CORRIDOR THROUGH THE INSTALLATION AND
 OPERATION OF PHOTO SPEED VIOLATION  MONITORING  SYSTEMS,  IN  ACCORDANCE
 WITH  ARTICLE  THIRTY OF THIS CHAPTER, OR (IX) the registrant was liable
 for a violation of bus operation-related traffic regulations as  defined
 by  article  twenty-four  of  this  chapter imposed pursuant to a demon-
 stration program imposing monetary liability on the owner of  a  vehicle
 for failure of an operator thereof to comply with such bus operation-re-
 lated  traffic regulations through the installation and operation of bus
 operation-related photo devices, in accordance with article  twenty-four
 of  this  chapter,  the  commissioner or [his or her] THE COMMISSIONER'S
 agent shall deny the  registration  or  renewal  application  until  the
 applicant  provides proof from the court, traffic and parking violations
 agency or administrative tribunal wherein the charges are  pending  that
 an  appearance  or answer has been made or in the case of an administra-
 tive tribunal that [he or she] THE  REGISTRANT  has  complied  with  the
 rules  and regulations of said tribunal following entry of a final deci-
 sion. Where an application is  denied  pursuant  to  this  section,  the
 commissioner  may, in [his or her] THE COMMISSIONER'S discretion, deny a
 registration or renewal application to any other  person  for  the  same
 vehicle and may deny a registration or renewal application for any other
 motor  vehicle registered in the name of the applicant where the commis-
 sioner has determined that such registrant's intent has  been  to  evade
 the  purposes of this subdivision and where the commissioner has reason-
 able grounds to believe that such registration or renewal will have  the
 effect  of defeating the purposes of this subdivision. Such denial shall
 only remain in effect as long as the summonses remain unanswered, or  in
 the  case  of an administrative tribunal, the registrant fails to comply
 with the rules and regulations following entry of a final decision.
   [(ii)] For purposes of this paragraph, the term "motor  vehicle  oper-
 ated  for  hire" shall mean and include a taxicab, livery, coach, limou-
 sine or tow truck.
   § 10. Subdivision 1-a of section 1809 of the vehicle and traffic  law,
 as amended by section 9 of part MM of chapter 56 of the laws of 2023, is
 amended to read as follows:
   1-a.  Notwithstanding  the  provisions  of  subdivision  one  of  this
 section, the provisions of subdivision one of  this  section  shall  not
 apply  to  an adjudication of liability of owners: (a) for violations of
 subdivision (d) of section eleven hundred eleven of this chapter imposed
 pursuant to a local law or ordinance imposing monetary liability on  the
 owner  of  a  vehicle  for failure of an operator thereof to comply with
 traffic-control indications through the installation  and  operation  of
 traffic-control signal photo violation-monitoring systems, in accordance
 with  article  twenty-four  of  this  chapter;  or (b) for violations of
 subdivision (b), (c), (d), (f) or (g) of section eleven  hundred  eighty
 of  this  chapter  imposed  pursuant to a demonstration program imposing
 monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an  operator
 thereof  to  comply  with  such  posted maximum speed limits through the
 installation and operation of photo speed violation monitoring  systems,
 in accordance with article thirty of this chapter; or (c) for violations
 of bus lane restrictions as defined by article twenty-four of this chap-
 ter  imposed  pursuant  to a bus rapid transit program imposing monetary
 liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an  operator  thereof
 to  comply  with such bus lane restrictions through the installation and
 operation of bus lane photo devices, in accordance with article  twenty-
 four  of  this  chapter;  or (d) for violations of toll collection regu-
 A. 3535                            16
 
 lations imposed by  certain  public  authorities  pursuant  to  the  law
 authorizing  such public authorities to impose monetary liability on the
 owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator  thereof  to  comply  with
 toll  collection  regulations  of  such  public  authorities through the
 installation and operation of photo-monitoring  systems,  in  accordance
 with  the provisions of section two thousand nine hundred eighty-five of
 the  public  authorities  law  and  sections  sixteen-a,  sixteen-b  and
 sixteen-c  of chapter seven hundred seventy-four of the laws of nineteen
 hundred fifty; or (e) for violations of section eleven hundred  seventy-
 four  of  this  chapter when meeting a school bus marked and equipped as
 provided in  subdivisions  twenty  and  twenty-one-c  of  section  three
 hundred  seventy-five of this chapter imposed pursuant to a local law or
 ordinance imposing monetary liability on the  owner  of  a  vehicle  for
 failure  of  an  operator  thereof  to comply with school bus red visual
 signals through the installation  and  operation  of  school  bus  photo
 violation  monitoring systems, in accordance with article twenty-nine of
 this chapter; or (f) for violations of section three hundred eighty-five
 of this chapter and the rules of the department of transportation of the
 city of New York in relation to gross vehicle weight and/or axle  weight
 violations  imposed  pursuant to a weigh in motion demonstration program
 imposing monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of  an
 operator  thereof  to  comply with such gross vehicle weight and/or axle
 weight restrictions through the installation and operation of  weigh  in
 motion  violation  monitoring systems, in accordance with article ten of
 this chapter; or (g) for violations of subdivision (b), (d), (f) or  (g)
 of  section  eleven hundred eighty of this chapter imposed pursuant to a
 demonstration program imposing monetary liability  on  the  owner  of  a
 vehicle  for  failure  of an operator thereof to comply with such posted
 maximum speed limits within a highway construction or  maintenance  work
 area  through  the  installation  and operation of photo speed violation
 monitoring systems, in accordance with article thirty of  this  chapter;
 or  (h)  for  violations of bus operation-related traffic regulations as
 defined by article twenty-four of this chapter  imposed  pursuant  to  a
 demonstration  program  imposing  monetary  liability  on the owner of a
 vehicle for failure of an operator thereof to comply with such bus oper-
 ation-related traffic regulations through the installation and operation
 of bus operation-related photo devices, in accordance with article twen-
 ty-four of this chapter; OR (H) FOR VIOLATIONS OF SUBDIVISION (B),  (D),
 (F)  OR  (G)  OF SECTION ELEVEN HUNDRED EIGHTY-H OF THIS CHAPTER IMPOSED
 PURSUANT  TO  A DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM IMPOSING MONETARY LIABILITY ON THE
 OWNER OF A VEHICLE FOR FAILURE OF AN OPERATOR  THEREOF  TO  COMPLY  WITH
 SUCH  POSTED  MAXIMUM    SPEED   LIMITS WITHIN A HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION OR
 MAINTENANCE WORK AREA THROUGH THE INSTALLATION AND  OPERATION  OF  PHOTO
 SPEED VIOLATION MONITORING SYSTEMS, IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE THIRTY OF
 THIS CHAPTER.
   §  11.  Paragraph  a of subdivision 1 of section 1809-e of the vehicle
 and traffic law, as amended by section 12 of part MM of  chapter  56  of
 the laws of 2023, is amended  to read as follows:
   a. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, whenever proceedings in
 a  court  or  an  administrative  tribunal  of  this  state  result in a
 conviction for an offense under this chapter, except a conviction pursu-
 ant to section eleven hundred ninety-two of this chapter, or for a traf-
 fic infraction under this chapter, or a local law,  ordinance,  rule  or
 regulation  adopted  pursuant  to  this  chapter,  except: (i) a traffic
 infraction involving standing, stopping, or  parking  or  violations  by
 pedestrians  or  bicyclists; and (ii) an adjudication of liability of an
 A. 3535                            17
 
 owner for a violation of subdivision (d) of section eleven hundred elev-
 en of this chapter imposed pursuant to a local law or ordinance imposing
 monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an  operator
 thereof to comply with traffic-control indications through the installa-
 tion  and operation of traffic-control signal photo violation-monitoring
 systems, in accordance with article twenty-four  of  this  chapter;  and
 (iii) an adjudication of liability of an owner for a violation of subdi-
 vision  (b),  (c),  (d),  (f) or (g) of section eleven hundred eighty of
 this chapter imposed pursuant to a demonstration program imposing  mone-
 tary  liability  on  the  owner  of a vehicle for failure of an operator
 thereof to comply with such posted  maximum  speed  limits  through  the
 installation  and operation of photo speed violation monitoring systems,
 in accordance with article thirty of this chapter; and (iv)  an  adjudi-
 cation of liability of an owner for a violation of bus lane restrictions
 as  defined by article twenty-four of this chapter imposed pursuant to a
 bus rapid transit program imposing monetary liability on the owner of  a
 vehicle  for failure of an operator thereof to comply with such bus lane
 restrictions through the installation and operation of  bus  lane  photo
 devices, in accordance with article twenty-four of this chapter; and (v)
 an  adjudication  of  liability  of  an  owner  for  a violation of toll
 collection regulations imposed by certain public authorities pursuant to
 the law authorizing such public authorities to impose monetary liability
 on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator thereof  to  comply
 with  toll collection regulations of such public authorities through the
 installation and operation of photo-monitoring  systems,  in  accordance
 with section two thousand nine hundred eighty-five of the public author-
 ities  law  or  sections  sixteen-a,  sixteen-b and sixteen-c of chapter
 seven hundred seventy-four of the laws of nineteen  hundred  fifty;  and
 (vi) an adjudication of liability of an owner for a violation of section
 eleven  hundred  seventy-four  of this chapter when meeting a school bus
 marked and equipped as provided in subdivisions twenty and  twenty-one-c
 of  section  three hundred seventy-five of this chapter imposed pursuant
 to a local law or ordinance imposing monetary liability on the owner  of
 a  vehicle  for failure of an operator thereof to comply with school bus
 red visual signals through the installation and operation of school  bus
 photo  violation  monitoring systems, in accordance with article twenty-
 nine of this chapter; and (vii) an adjudication of liability of an owner
 for a violation of section three hundred eighty-five of this chapter and
 the rules of the department of transportation of the city of New York in
 relation to gross vehicle weight and/or axle weight  violations  imposed
 pursuant  to  a  weigh in motion demonstration program imposing monetary
 liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an  operator  thereof
 to comply with such gross vehicle weight and/or axle weight restrictions
 through  the  installation  and  operation  of weigh in motion violation
 monitoring systems, in accordance with article ten of this chapter;  and
 (viii)  an  adjudication  of  liability  of  an owner for a violation of
 subdivision (b), (d), (f) or (g) of section  eleven  hundred  eighty  of
 this  chapter imposed pursuant to a demonstration program imposing mone-
 tary liability on the owner of a vehicle  for  failure  of  an  operator
 thereof to comply with such posted maximum speed limits within a highway
 construction or maintenance work area through the installation and oper-
 ation  of  photo  speed violation monitoring systems, in accordance with
 article thirty of this chapter; AND (IX) AN ADJUDICATION OF LIABILITY OF
 AN OWNER FOR A VIOLATION OF SUBDIVISION (B), (D), (F) OR (G) OF  SECTION
 ELEVEN  HUNDRED  EIGHTY-H  OF THIS CHAPTER IMPOSED  PURSUANT TO A DEMON-
 STRATION PROGRAM IMPOSING MONETARY LIABILITY ON THE OWNER OF  A  VEHICLE
 A. 3535                            18

 FOR  FAILURE  OF  AN OPERATOR THEREOF TO COMPLY WITH SUCH POSTED MAXIMUM
 SPEED LIMITS WITHIN A HIGHWAY SAFETY CORRIDOR THROUGH  THE  INSTALLATION
 AND OPERATION OF PHOTO SPEED VIOLATION MONITORING SYSTEMS, IN ACCORDANCE
 WITH  ARTICLE  THIRTY OF THIS CHAPTER, and [(ix)] (X) an adjudication of
 liability of an owner for a violation of bus  operation-related  traffic
 regulations  as  defined  by article twenty-four of this chapter imposed
 pursuant to a demonstration program imposing monetary liability  on  the
 owner  of  a  vehicle  for failure of an operator thereof to comply with
 such bus operation-related traffic regulations through the  installation
 and operation of bus operation-related photo devices, in accordance with
 article  twenty-four  of this chapter, there shall be levied in addition
 to any sentence, penalty or other surcharge  required  or  permitted  by
 law, an additional surcharge of twenty-eight dollars.
   §  12. Section 371-a of the general municipal law, as separately added
 by chapters 421, 460 and 773 of the laws of 2021, is amended to read  as
 follows:
   §  371-a. Additional jurisdiction and procedure related to the adjudi-
 cation of certain notices of  liability.  A  traffic  violations  bureau
 established  pursuant  to  subdivision  one  and  a  traffic and parking
 violations agency established pursuant to  subdivision  two  of  section
 three  hundred  seventy-one of this article may be authorized to adjudi-
 cate, in accordance with the provisions of this article,  the  liability
 of  owners:  (a)  for  violations  of  subdivision (d) of section eleven
 hundred eleven of the vehicle and traffic  law  imposed  pursuant  to  a
 local  law  or  ordinance  imposing monetary liability on the owner of a
 vehicle for failure of an operator thereof to comply  with  traffic-con-
 trol  indications through the installation and operation of traffic-con-
 trol signal photo violation-monitoring systems, in accordance with arti-
 cle twenty-four of the vehicle and traffic law; or (b) for violations of
 section eleven hundred seventy-four of the vehicle and traffic law  when
 meeting  a  school  bus  marked and equipped as provided in subdivisions
 twenty and twenty-one-c of section three  hundred  seventy-five  of  the
 vehicle  and  traffic  law  imposed pursuant to a local law or ordinance
 imposing monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of  an
 operator  thereof  to  comply with school bus red visual signals through
 the installation and operation of school bus photo violation  monitoring
 systems, in accordance with article twenty-nine of the vehicle and traf-
 fic  law;  or  (c) for violations of subdivision (b), (d), (f) or (g) of
 section eleven hundred eighty of the vehicle  and  traffic  law  imposed
 pursuant  to  a demonstration program imposing monetary liability on the
 owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator  thereof  to  comply  with
 such  posted maximum speed limits within a highway construction or main-
 tenance work area through the installation and operation of photo  speed
 violation  monitoring systems, in accordance with article thirty of this
 chapter; OR (D) FOR VIOLATIONS OF SUBDIVISION (B), (D), (F)   OR (G)  OF
 SECTION  ELEVEN  HUNDRED EIGHTY-H OF THE VEHICLE AND TRAFFIC LAW IMPOSED
 PURSUANT TO A DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM IMPOSING MONETARY LIABILITY  ON  THE
 OWNER  OF  A  VEHICLE  FOR FAILURE OF AN OPERATOR THEREOF TO COMPLY WITH
 SUCH POSTED MAXIMUM SPEED LIMITS WITHIN A HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION OR  MAIN-
 TENANCE  WORK AREA THROUGH THE INSTALLATION AND OPERATION OF PHOTO SPEED
 VIOLATION MONITORING SYSTEMS, IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE THIRTY  OF  THE
 VEHICLE AND TRAFFIC LAW.
   §  13.  The vehicle and traffic law is amended by adding a new section
 1180-h to read as follows:
   § 1180-H. OWNER LIABILITY FOR  FAILURE  OF  OPERATOR  TO  COMPLY  WITH
 CERTAIN  POSTED  MAXIMUM  SPEED LIMITS. (A) 1. NOTWITHSTANDING ANY OTHER
 A. 3535                            19
 
 PROVISION OF LAW, THE COMMISSIONER IS HEREBY AUTHORIZED TO  ESTABLISH  A
 DEMONSTRATION  PROGRAM  IMPOSING  MONETARY  LIABILITY  ON THE OWNER OF A
 VEHICLE FOR FAILURE OF AN OPERATOR THEREOF TO COMPLY WITH POSTED MAXIMUM
 SPEED  LIMITS IN A HIGHWAY SAFETY CORRIDOR. THE COMMISSIONER, IN CONSUL-
 TATION WITH THE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE DIVISION OF  STATE  POLICE,  SHALL
 DETERMINE  THE  LOCATION  IN  THE  HIGHWAY  SAFETY  CORRIDOR IN WHICH TO
 INSTALL AND OPERATE PHOTO SPEED VIOLATION MONITORING SYSTEMS. IN SELECT-
 ING A LOCATION IN A HIGHWAY SAFETY CORRIDOR  IN  WHICH  TO  INSTALL  AND
 OPERATE  A  PHOTO  SPEED  VIOLATION  MONITORING SYSTEM, THE COMMISSIONER
 SHALL CONSIDER CRITERIA INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE  SPEED  DATA,
 CRASH  HISTORY,  AND  ROADWAY GEOMETRY APPLICABLE TO SUCH HIGHWAY SAFETY
 CORRIDOR. A  PHOTO  SPEED  VIOLATION  MONITORING  SYSTEM  SHALL  NOT  BE
 INSTALLED OR OPERATED ON A CONTROLLED-ACCESS HIGHWAY EXIT RAMP.
   2.  NOTWITHSTANDING ANY OTHER PROVISION OF LAW, AFTER HOLDING A PUBLIC
 HEARING IN ACCORDANCE  WITH  THE  PUBLIC  OFFICERS  LAW  AND  SUBSEQUENT
 APPROVAL  OF  THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM IN ACCORDANCE
 WITH THIS SECTION BY A MAJORITY OF THE MEMBERS OF THE  ENTIRE  BOARD  OF
 THE  THRUWAY  AUTHORITY,  THE  CHAIR IS HEREBY AUTHORIZED TO ESTABLISH A
 DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM IMPOSING MONETARY LIABILITY  ON  THE  OWNER  OF  A
 VEHICLE FOR FAILURE OF AN OPERATOR THEREOF TO COMPLY WITH POSTED MAXIMUM
 SPEED  LIMITS  IN  A HIGHWAY SAFETY CORRIDOR. THE CHAIR, IN CONSULTATION
 WITH THE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE DIVISION OF STATE POLICE, SHALL DETERMINE
 THE LOCATION OF THE HIGHWAY SAFETY CORRIDOR LOCATED ON  THE  THRUWAY  IN
 WHICH  TO  INSTALL AND OPERATE PHOTO SPEED VIOLATION MONITORING SYSTEMS.
 IN SELECTING AN AREA IN WHICH TO  INSTALL  AND  OPERATE  A  PHOTO  SPEED
 VIOLATION  MONITORING  SYSTEM, THE CHAIR SHALL CONSIDER CRITERIA INCLUD-
 ING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE SPEED  DATA,  CRASH  HISTORY,  AND  ROADWAY
 GEOMETRY  APPLICABLE  TO  SUCH  HIGHWAY  SAFETY  CORRIDOR. A PHOTO SPEED
 VIOLATION MONITORING SYSTEM SHALL NOT BE  INSTALLED  OR  OPERATED  ON  A
 THRUWAY EXIT RAMP.
   3. NO PHOTO SPEED VIOLATION MONITORING SYSTEM SHALL BE USED IN A HIGH-
 WAY  SAFETY  CORRIDOR  UNLESS  (I)  ON  THE  DAY IT IS TO BE USED IT HAS
 SUCCESSFULLY PASSED A SELF-TEST OF ITS FUNCTIONS; AND (II) IT HAS UNDER-
 GONE AN ANNUAL CALIBRATION CHECK PERFORMED PURSUANT TO PARAGRAPH FIVE OF
 THIS SUBDIVISION.  THE  COMMISSIONER  OR  CHAIR,  AS  APPLICABLE,  SHALL
 INSTALL  SIGNS  GIVING  NOTICE  THAT  A PHOTO SPEED VIOLATION MONITORING
 SYSTEM IS IN USE, IN  CONFORMANCE  WITH  STANDARDS  ESTABLISHED  IN  THE
 MUTCD.
   4.  OPERATORS  OF  PHOTO SPEED VIOLATION MONITORING SYSTEMS SHALL HAVE
 COMPLETED TRAINING IN THE PROCEDURES FOR SETTING UP, TESTING, AND  OPER-
 ATING  SUCH  SYSTEMS. EACH SUCH OPERATOR SHALL COMPLETE AND SIGN A DAILY
 SET-UP LOG FOR EACH SUCH SYSTEM THAT  THE  OPERATOR  OPERATES  THAT  (I)
 STATES  THE  DATE  AND TIME WHEN, AND THE LOCATION WHERE, THE SYSTEM WAS
 SET UP THAT  DAY,  AND  (II)  STATES  THAT  SUCH  OPERATOR  SUCCESSFULLY
 PERFORMED,  AND  THE SYSTEM PASSED, THE SELF-TESTS OF SUCH SYSTEM BEFORE
 PRODUCING A RECORDED IMAGE THAT DAY. THE COMMISSIONER OR THE  CHAIR,  AS
 APPLICABLE, SHALL RETAIN EACH SUCH DAILY LOG UNTIL THE LATER OF THE DATE
 ON WHICH THE PHOTO SPEED VIOLATION MONITORING SYSTEM TO WHICH IT APPLIES
 HAS  BEEN  PERMANENTLY  REMOVED  FROM USE OR THE FINAL RESOLUTION OF ALL
 CASES INVOLVING NOTICES OF LIABILITY ISSUED BASED ON PHOTOGRAPHS, MICRO-
 PHOTOGRAPHS, VIDEO OR OTHER RECORDED IMAGES PRODUCED BY SUCH SYSTEM.
   5. EACH PHOTO SPEED VIOLATION MONITORING SYSTEM SHALL UNDERGO AN ANNU-
 AL CALIBRATION CHECK PERFORMED BY AN INDEPENDENT CALIBRATION  LABORATORY
 WHICH  SHALL ISSUE A SIGNED CERTIFICATE OF CALIBRATION. THE COMMISSIONER
 OR THE CHAIR, AS APPLICABLE, SHALL KEEP EACH SUCH ANNUAL CERTIFICATE  OF
 CALIBRATION  ON FILE UNTIL THE FINAL RESOLUTION OF ALL CASES INVOLVING A
 A. 3535                            20
 
 NOTICE OF LIABILITY ISSUED DURING SUCH YEAR WHICH WERE BASED  ON  PHOTO-
 GRAPHS, MICROPHOTOGRAPHS, VIDEOTAPE OR OTHER RECORDED IMAGES PRODUCED BY
 SUCH PHOTO SPEED VIOLATION MONITORING SYSTEM.
   6. (I) SUCH DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM SHALL UTILIZE NECESSARY TECHNOLOGIES
 TO  ENSURE,  TO  THE  EXTENT  PRACTICABLE, THAT PHOTOGRAPHS, MICROPHOTO-
 GRAPHS, VIDEOTAPE OR OTHER RECORDED IMAGES PRODUCED BY SUCH PHOTO  SPEED
 VIOLATION  MONITORING SYSTEMS SHALL NOT INCLUDE IMAGES THAT IDENTIFY THE
 DRIVER, THE PASSENGERS, OR THE CONTENTS OF THE VEHICLE. PROVIDED, HOWEV-
 ER, THAT NO NOTICE OF LIABILITY ISSUED PURSUANT TO THIS SECTION SHALL BE
 DISMISSED SOLELY BECAUSE SUCH A PHOTOGRAPH,  MICROPHOTOGRAPH,  VIDEOTAPE
 OR OTHER RECORDED IMAGE ALLOWS FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE DRIVER, THE
 PASSENGERS,  OR  THE  CONTENTS OF VEHICLES WHERE THE COMMISSIONER OR THE
 CHAIR, AS APPLICABLE, SHOWS THAT THEY MADE REASONABLE EFFORTS TO  COMPLY
 WITH THE PROVISIONS OF THIS PARAGRAPH IN SUCH CASE.
   (II)  PHOTOGRAPHS,  MICROPHOTOGRAPHS,  VIDEOTAPE OR ANY OTHER RECORDED
 IMAGE FROM A PHOTO SPEED VIOLATION MONITORING SYSTEM SHALL  BE  FOR  THE
 EXCLUSIVE  USE  OF THE COMMISSIONER OR THE CHAIR, AS APPLICABLE, FOR THE
 PURPOSE OF THE  ADJUDICATION  OF  LIABILITY  IMPOSED  PURSUANT  TO  THIS
 SECTION  AND  OF  THE  OWNER RECEIVING A NOTICE OF LIABILITY PURSUANT TO
 THIS SECTION, AND SHALL BE DESTROYED BY THE COMMISSIONER  OR  CHAIR,  AS
 APPLICABLE,  UPON  THE  FINAL  RESOLUTION  OF THE NOTICE OF LIABILITY TO
 WHICH SUCH PHOTOGRAPHS, MICROPHOTOGRAPHS, VIDEOTAPE  OR  OTHER  RECORDED
 IMAGES RELATE, OR ONE YEAR FOLLOWING THE DATE OF ISSUANCE OF SUCH NOTICE
 OF  LIABILITY, WHICHEVER IS LATER. NOTWITHSTANDING THE PROVISIONS OF ANY
 OTHER LAW, RULE OR REGULATION TO THE CONTRARY, PHOTOGRAPHS,  MICROPHOTO-
 GRAPHS,  VIDEOTAPE  OR  ANY  OTHER  RECORDED  IMAGE  FROM  A PHOTO SPEED
 VIOLATION MONITORING SYSTEM SHALL NOT BE OPEN TO THE PUBLIC, NOR SUBJECT
 TO CIVIL OR CRIMINAL PROCESS OR DISCOVERY, NOR  USED  BY  ANY  COURT  OR
 ADMINISTRATIVE  OR ADJUDICATORY BODY IN ANY ACTION OR PROCEEDING THEREIN
 EXCEPT THAT WHICH IS NECESSARY FOR  THE  ADJUDICATION  OF  A  NOTICE  OF
 LIABILITY  ISSUED  PURSUANT  TO  THIS  SECTION,  AND NO PUBLIC ENTITY OR
 EMPLOYEE, OFFICER OR AGENT  THEREOF  SHALL  DISCLOSE  SUCH  INFORMATION,
 EXCEPT  THAT  SUCH PHOTOGRAPHS, MICROPHOTOGRAPHS, VIDEOTAPE OR ANY OTHER
 RECORDED IMAGES FROM SUCH SYSTEMS:
   (A) SHALL BE AVAILABLE FOR INSPECTION AND COPYING AND USE BY THE MOTOR
 VEHICLE OWNER AND OPERATOR FOR SO LONG AS SUCH PHOTOGRAPHS,  MICROPHOTO-
 GRAPHS, VIDEOTAPE OR OTHER RECORDED IMAGES ARE REQUIRED TO BE MAINTAINED
 OR ARE MAINTAINED BY SUCH PUBLIC ENTITY, EMPLOYEE, OFFICER OR AGENT; AND
   (B)  (1)  SHALL BE FURNISHED WHEN DESCRIBED IN A SEARCH WARRANT ISSUED
 BY A COURT AUTHORIZED TO ISSUE SUCH A SEARCH WARRANT PURSUANT TO ARTICLE
 SIX HUNDRED NINETY OF THE CRIMINAL PROCEDURE  LAW  OR  A  FEDERAL  COURT
 AUTHORIZED  TO ISSUE SUCH A SEARCH WARRANT UNDER FEDERAL LAW, WHERE SUCH
 SEARCH WARRANT STATES THAT THERE IS REASONABLE  CAUSE  TO  BELIEVE  SUCH
 INFORMATION  CONSTITUTES  EVIDENCE  OF,  OR TENDS TO DEMONSTRATE THAT, A
 MISDEMEANOR OR FELONY OFFENSE WAS COMMITTED IN  THIS  STATE  OR  ANOTHER
 STATE,  OR  THAT A PARTICULAR PERSON PARTICIPATED IN THE COMMISSION OF A
 MISDEMEANOR OR FELONY OFFENSE IN THIS STATE OR ANOTHER STATE,  PROVIDED,
 HOWEVER, THAT IF SUCH OFFENSE WAS AGAINST THE LAWS OF ANOTHER STATE, THE
 COURT  SHALL ONLY ISSUE A WARRANT IF THE CONDUCT COMPRISING SUCH OFFENSE
 WOULD, IF OCCURRING IN THIS STATE, CONSTITUTE A  MISDEMEANOR  OR  FELONY
 AGAINST THE LAWS OF THIS STATE; AND
   (2) SHALL BE FURNISHED IN RESPONSE TO A SUBPOENA DUCES TECUM SIGNED BY
 A  JUDGE  OF  COMPETENT  JURISDICTION AND ISSUED PURSUANT TO ARTICLE SIX
 HUNDRED TEN OF THE CRIMINAL PROCEDURE LAW OR A JUDGE OR MAGISTRATE OF  A
 FEDERAL  COURT  AUTHORIZED  TO  ISSUE  SUCH A SUBPOENA DUCES TECUM UNDER
 FEDERAL LAW, WHERE THE JUDGE FINDS AND THE SUBPOENA STATES THAT THERE IS
 A. 3535                            21

 REASONABLE CAUSE TO BELIEVE SUCH INFORMATION IS RELEVANT AND MATERIAL TO
 THE PROSECUTION, OR THE DEFENSE, OR THE INVESTIGATION BY  AN  AUTHORIZED
 LAW  ENFORCEMENT OFFICIAL, OF THE ALLEGED COMMISSION OF A MISDEMEANOR OR
 FELONY  IN  THIS STATE OR ANOTHER STATE, PROVIDED, HOWEVER, THAT IF SUCH
 OFFENSE WAS AGAINST THE LAWS OF ANOTHER STATE, SUCH JUDGE OR  MAGISTRATE
 SHALL  ONLY  ISSUE  SUCH SUBPOENA IF THE CONDUCT COMPRISING SUCH OFFENSE
 WOULD, IF OCCURRING IN THIS STATE, CONSTITUTE A MISDEMEANOR OR FELONY IN
 THIS STATE; AND
   (3) MAY, IF LAWFULLY OBTAINED PURSUANT TO THIS CLAUSE AND  CLAUSE  (A)
 OF  THIS SUBPARAGRAPH AND OTHERWISE ADMISSIBLE, BE USED IN SUCH CRIMINAL
 ACTION OR PROCEEDING.
   (B) IF THE COMMISSIONER OR CHAIR ESTABLISHES A  DEMONSTRATION  PROGRAM
 PURSUANT  TO  SUBDIVISION  (A)  OF  THIS SECTION, THE OWNER OF A VEHICLE
 SHALL BE LIABLE FOR A PENALTY IMPOSED PURSUANT TO THIS SECTION  IF  SUCH
 VEHICLE  WAS  USED OR OPERATED WITH THE PERMISSION OF THE OWNER, EXPRESS
 OR IMPLIED, WITHIN A HIGHWAY SAFETY CORRIDOR LOCATED ON A CONTROLLED-AC-
 CESS HIGHWAY OR ON THE THRUWAY IN VIOLATION OF PARAGRAPH TWO OF SUBDIVI-
 SION (D) OR SUBDIVISION (F), OR WHEN OTHER SPEED LIMITS ARE IN EFFECT IN
 VIOLATION OF SUBDIVISION (B) OR (G) OR PARAGRAPH ONE OF SUBDIVISION (D),
 OF SECTION ELEVEN HUNDRED EIGHTY OF THIS ARTICLE, SUCH VEHICLE WAS TRAV-
 ELING AT A SPEED OF MORE THAN TEN MILES PER HOUR ABOVE THE POSTED  SPEED
 LIMIT  IN EFFECT WITHIN SUCH HIGHWAY SAFETY CORRIDOR, AND SUCH VIOLATION
 IS EVIDENCED BY INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM A PHOTO SPEED VIOLATION  MONI-
 TORING  SYSTEM;  PROVIDED  HOWEVER  THAT  NO OWNER OF A VEHICLE SHALL BE
 LIABLE FOR A PENALTY IMPOSED PURSUANT TO THIS SECTION WHERE THE OPERATOR
 OF SUCH VEHICLE HAS BEEN CONVICTED OF THE UNDERLYING VIOLATION OF SUBDI-
 VISION (B), (D), (F) OR (G) OF SECTION ELEVEN  HUNDRED  EIGHTY  OF  THIS
 ARTICLE.
   (C)  FOR  PURPOSES OF THIS SECTION, THE FOLLOWING TERMS SHALL HAVE THE
 FOLLOWING MEANINGS:
   1. "CHAIR" SHALL MEAN THE CHAIR OF THE NEW YORK STATE THRUWAY AUTHORI-
 TY;
   2. "COMMISSIONER" SHALL MEAN THE COMMISSIONER OF TRANSPORTATION;
   3. "CONTROLLED-ACCESS HIGHWAY" SHALL MEAN A CONTROLLED-ACCESS  HIGHWAY
 AS DEFINED BY SECTION ONE HUNDRED NINE OF THIS CHAPTER UNDER THE COMMIS-
 SIONER'S  JURISDICTION  WHICH  HAS  BEEN  FUNCTIONALLY CLASSIFIED BY THE
 DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AS PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL - INTERSTATE OR PRIN-
 CIPAL ARTERIAL - OTHER FREEWAY/EXPRESSWAY ON OFFICIAL FUNCTIONAL CLASSI-
 FICATION MAPS APPROVED BY THE FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION PURSUANT TO
 PART 470.105 OF TITLE 23 OF THE CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS, AS  AMENDED
 FROM TIME TO TIME;
   4.  "MANUAL  ON UNIFORM TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES" OR "MUTCD" SHALL MEAN
 THE MANUAL AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR A UNIFORM SYSTEM  OF  TRAFFIC  CONTROL
 DEVICES  MAINTAINED  BY  THE  COMMISSIONER  PURSUANT  TO SECTION SIXTEEN
 HUNDRED EIGHTY OF THIS CHAPTER;
   5. "OWNER" SHALL HAVE THE MEANING PROVIDED IN ARTICLE  TWO-B  OF  THIS
 CHAPTER;
   6.  "PHOTO  SPEED  VIOLATION  MONITORING  SYSTEM" SHALL MEAN A VEHICLE
 SENSOR INSTALLED TO WORK IN CONJUNCTION WITH A  SPEED  MEASURING  DEVICE
 WHICH AUTOMATICALLY PRODUCES TWO OR MORE PHOTOGRAPHS, TWO OR MORE MICRO-
 PHOTOGRAPHS, A VIDEOTAPE OR OTHER RECORDED IMAGES OF EACH VEHICLE AT THE
 TIME  IT  IS  USED OR OPERATED IN A HIGHWAY SAFETY CORRIDOR LOCATED ON A
 CONTROLLED-ACCESS HIGHWAY OR ON THE THRUWAY IN VIOLATION OF  SUBDIVISION
 (B), (D), (F) OR (G) OF SECTION ELEVEN HUNDRED EIGHTY OF THIS ARTICLE IN
 ACCORDANCE WITH THE PROVISIONS OF THIS SECTION;
 A. 3535                            22
 
   7.  "THRUWAY AUTHORITY" SHALL MEAN THE NEW YORK STATE THRUWAY AUTHORI-
 TY, A BODY CORPORATE  AND  POLITIC  CONSTITUTING  A  PUBLIC  CORPORATION
 CREATED  AND  CONSTITUTED  PURSUANT  TO TITLE NINE OF ARTICLE TWO OF THE
 PUBLIC AUTHORITIES LAW; AND
   8.  "THRUWAY"  SHALL MEAN GENERALLY A DIVIDED HIGHWAY UNDER THE JURIS-
 DICTION OF THE THRUWAY AUTHORITY FOR MIXED TRAFFIC WITH  ACCESS  LIMITED
 AS  THE  THRUWAY  AUTHORITY MAY DETERMINE AND GENERALLY WITH GRADE SEPA-
 RATIONS AT INTERSECTIONS.
   (D) A CERTIFICATE, SWORN TO OR AFFIRMED BY A  TECHNICIAN  EMPLOYED  BY
 THE  COMMISSIONER  OR CHAIR AS APPLICABLE, OR A FACSIMILE THEREOF, BASED
 UPON INSPECTION OF PHOTOGRAPHS,  MICROPHOTOGRAPHS,  VIDEOTAPE  OR  OTHER
 RECORDED  IMAGES  PRODUCED BY A PHOTO SPEED VIOLATION MONITORING SYSTEM,
 SHALL BE PRIMA FACIE EVIDENCE OF THE FACTS CONTAINED THEREIN. ANY PHOTO-
 GRAPHS, MICROPHOTOGRAPHS, VIDEOTAPE OR OTHER RECORDED IMAGES  EVIDENCING
 SUCH A VIOLATION SHALL INCLUDE AT LEAST TWO DATE AND TIME STAMPED IMAGES
 OF THE REAR OF THE MOTOR VEHICLE THAT INCLUDE THE SAME STATIONARY OBJECT
 NEAR  THE MOTOR VEHICLE AND SHALL BE AVAILABLE FOR INSPECTION REASONABLY
 IN ADVANCE OF AND AT ANY PROCEEDING TO ADJUDICATE THE LIABILITY FOR SUCH
 VIOLATION PURSUANT TO THIS SECTION.
   (E) AN OWNER LIABLE FOR A VIOLATION OF SUBDIVISION (B),  (D),  (F)  OR
 (G)  OF  SECTION  ELEVEN  HUNDRED  EIGHTY  OF THIS ARTICLE PURSUANT TO A
 DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM ESTABLISHED PURSUANT  TO  THIS  SECTION  SHALL  BE
 LIABLE  FOR  MONETARY  PENALTIES NOT TO EXCEED FIFTY DOLLARS FOR A FIRST
 VIOLATION, SEVENTY-FIVE DOLLARS FOR A SECOND  VIOLATION  BOTH  OF  WHICH
 WERE  COMMITTED  WITHIN  A  PERIOD  OF  EIGHTEEN MONTHS, AND ONE HUNDRED
 DOLLARS FOR A THIRD OR SUBSEQUENT VIOLATION ALL OF WHICH WERE  COMMITTED
 WITHIN  A  PERIOD  OF  EIGHTEEN MONTHS; PROVIDED, HOWEVER, THAT AN ADDI-
 TIONAL PENALTY NOT IN EXCESS OF TWENTY-FIVE DOLLARS FOR  EACH  VIOLATION
 MAY BE IMPOSED FOR THE FAILURE TO RESPOND TO A NOTICE OF LIABILITY WITH-
 IN THE PRESCRIBED TIME PERIOD.
   (F)  AN IMPOSITION OF LIABILITY UNDER THE DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM ESTAB-
 LISHED PURSUANT TO THIS SECTION SHALL NOT BE DEEMED A CONVICTION  AS  AN
 OPERATOR  AND  SHALL  NOT  BE  MADE  PART OF THE OPERATING RECORD OF THE
 PERSON UPON WHOM SUCH LIABILITY IS IMPOSED NOR  SHALL  IT  BE  USED  FOR
 INSURANCE PURPOSES IN THE PROVISION OF MOTOR VEHICLE INSURANCE COVERAGE.
   (G) 1. A NOTICE OF LIABILITY SHALL BE SENT BY FIRST CLASS MAIL TO EACH
 PERSON  ALLEGED  TO BE LIABLE AS AN OWNER FOR A VIOLATION OF SUBDIVISION
 (B), (D), (F) OR (G) OF SECTION ELEVEN HUNDRED EIGHTY  OF  THIS  ARTICLE
 PURSUANT TO THIS SECTION, WITHIN FOURTEEN BUSINESS DAYS IF SUCH OWNER IS
 A  RESIDENT  OF  THIS  STATE AND WITHIN FORTY-FIVE BUSINESS DAYS IF SUCH
 OWNER IS A NON-RESIDENT. PERSONAL DELIVERY ON THE  OWNER  SHALL  NOT  BE
 REQUIRED.  A  MANUAL  OR  AUTOMATIC  RECORD  OF  MAILING PREPARED IN THE
 ORDINARY COURSE OF BUSINESS SHALL BE PRIMA FACIE EVIDENCE OF  THE  FACTS
 CONTAINED THEREIN.
   2.  A  NOTICE  OF  LIABILITY SHALL CONTAIN THE NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE
 PERSON ALLEGED TO BE LIABLE AS AN OWNER FOR A VIOLATION  OF  SUBDIVISION
 (B),  (D),  (F)  OR (G) OF SECTION ELEVEN HUNDRED EIGHTY OF THIS ARTICLE
 PURSUANT TO  THIS  SECTION,  THE  REGISTRATION  NUMBER  OF  THE  VEHICLE
 INVOLVED  IN  SUCH  VIOLATION,  THE  LOCATION  WHERE SUCH VIOLATION TOOK
 PLACE, THE DATE AND TIME OF SUCH VIOLATION, THE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER OF
 THE CAMERA WHICH  RECORDED  THE  VIOLATION  OR  OTHER  DOCUMENT  LOCATOR
 NUMBER,  AT  LEAST  TWO  DATE AND TIME STAMPED IMAGES OF THE REAR OF THE
 MOTOR VEHICLE THAT INCLUDE THE SAME STATIONARY  OBJECT  NEAR  THE  MOTOR
 VEHICLE, AND THE CERTIFICATE CHARGING THE LIABILITY.
   3.  THE  NOTICE  OF  LIABILITY  SHALL CONTAIN INFORMATION ADVISING THE
 PERSON CHARGED OF THE MANNER AND  THE  TIME  IN  WHICH  THE  PERSON  MAY
 A. 3535                            23
 
 CONTEST  THE  LIABILITY  ALLEGED IN THE NOTICE. SUCH NOTICE OF LIABILITY
 SHALL ALSO CONTAIN A PROMINENT WARNING TO ADVISE THE PERSON CHARGED THAT
 FAILURE TO CONTEST IN THE MANNER AND TIME PROVIDED SHALL  BE  DEEMED  AN
 ADMISSION OF LIABILITY AND THAT A DEFAULT JUDGMENT MAY BE ENTERED THERE-
 ON.
   4. THE NOTICE OF LIABILITY SHALL BE PREPARED AND MAILED BY THE COMMIS-
 SIONER  OR CHAIR AS APPLICABLE, OR BY ANY OTHER ENTITY AUTHORIZED BY THE
 COMMISSIONER OR CHAIR TO PREPARE AND MAIL SUCH NOTICE OF LIABILITY.
   (H) ADJUDICATION OF THE LIABILITY IMPOSED UPON OWNERS OF THIS  SECTION
 SHALL  BE BY A TRAFFIC VIOLATIONS BUREAU ESTABLISHED PURSUANT TO SECTION
 THREE HUNDRED SEVENTY OF THE GENERAL MUNICIPAL LAW WHERE  THE  VIOLATION
 OCCURRED  OR,  IF  THERE  BE NONE, BY THE COURT HAVING JURISDICTION OVER
 TRAFFIC INFRACTIONS WHERE THE VIOLATION OCCURRED, EXCEPT THAT IF A  CITY
 HAS  ESTABLISHED  AN  ADMINISTRATIVE  TRIBUNAL  TO  HEAR  AND  DETERMINE
 COMPLAINTS OF TRAFFIC  INFRACTIONS  CONSTITUTING  PARKING,  STANDING  OR
 STOPPING  VIOLATIONS SUCH CITY MAY, BY LOCAL LAW, AUTHORIZE SUCH ADJUDI-
 CATION BY SUCH TRIBUNAL.
   (I) IF AN OWNER RECEIVES  A  NOTICE  OF  LIABILITY  PURSUANT  TO  THIS
 SECTION FOR ANY TIME PERIOD DURING WHICH THE VEHICLE OR THE NUMBER PLATE
 OR  PLATES  OF  SUCH  VEHICLE  WAS  REPORTED TO THE POLICE DEPARTMENT AS
 HAVING BEEN STOLEN, IT SHALL BE A VALID  DEFENSE  TO  AN  ALLEGATION  OF
 LIABILITY FOR A VIOLATION OF SUBDIVISION (B), (D), (F) OR (G) OF SECTION
 ELEVEN  HUNDRED EIGHTY OF THIS ARTICLE PURSUANT TO THIS SECTION THAT THE
 VEHICLE OR THE NUMBER PLATE OR PLATES OF SUCH VEHICLE HAD BEEN  REPORTED
 TO THE POLICE AS STOLEN PRIOR TO THE TIME THE VIOLATION OCCURRED AND HAD
 NOT  BEEN  RECOVERED BY SUCH TIME. FOR PURPOSES OF ASSERTING THE DEFENSE
 PROVIDED BY THIS SUBDIVISION, IT SHALL BE SUFFICIENT  THAT  A  CERTIFIED
 COPY  OF  THE  POLICE  REPORT  ON  THE STOLEN VEHICLE OR NUMBER PLATE OR
 PLATES OF SUCH VEHICLE BE SENT  BY  FIRST  CLASS  MAIL  TO  THE  TRAFFIC
 VIOLATIONS  BUREAU,  COURT  HAVING  JURISDICTION  OR  PARKING VIOLATIONS
 BUREAU.
   (J) 1. WHERE THE ADJUDICATION OF LIABILITY IMPOSED UPON OWNERS  PURSU-
 ANT  TO THIS SECTION IS BY A TRAFFIC VIOLATIONS BUREAU OR A COURT HAVING
 JURISDICTION, AN OWNER WHO IS A LESSOR OF A VEHICLE TO WHICH A NOTICE OF
 LIABILITY WAS ISSUED PURSUANT TO SUBDIVISION (G) OF THIS  SECTION  SHALL
 NOT  BE  LIABLE FOR THE VIOLATION OF SUBDIVISION (B), (D), (F) OR (G) OF
 SECTION ELEVEN HUNDRED EIGHTY OF THIS ARTICLE PURSUANT TO THIS  SECTION,
 PROVIDED  THAT THE OWNER SENDS TO THE TRAFFIC VIOLATIONS BUREAU OR COURT
 HAVING JURISDICTION A COPY OF THE RENTAL, LEASE OR OTHER  SUCH  CONTRACT
 DOCUMENT  COVERING  SUCH  VEHICLE ON THE DATE OF THE VIOLATION, WITH THE
 NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE LESSEE CLEARLY LEGIBLE, WITHIN THIRTY-SEVEN DAYS
 AFTER RECEIVING NOTICE FROM THE BUREAU OR COURT OF THE DATE AND TIME  OF
 SUCH  VIOLATION,  TOGETHER  WITH  THE OTHER INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THE
 ORIGINAL NOTICE OF LIABILITY. FAILURE TO SEND  SUCH  INFORMATION  WITHIN
 SUCH  THIRTY-SEVEN DAY TIME PERIOD SHALL RENDER THE OWNER LIABLE FOR THE
 PENALTY PRESCRIBED BY THIS SECTION. WHERE THE LESSOR COMPLIES  WITH  THE
 PROVISIONS  OF THIS PARAGRAPH, THE LESSEE OF SUCH VEHICLE ON THE DATE OF
 SUCH VIOLATION SHALL BE DEEMED TO BE  THE  OWNER  OF  SUCH  VEHICLE  FOR
 PURPOSES  OF  THIS  SECTION,  SHALL  BE  SUBJECT  TO  LIABILITY  FOR THE
 VIOLATION OF SUBDIVISION (B), (D), (F) OR (G) OF SECTION ELEVEN  HUNDRED
 EIGHTY  OF  THIS  ARTICLE  PURSUANT  TO THIS SECTION AND SHALL BE SENT A
 NOTICE OF LIABILITY PURSUANT TO SUBDIVISION (G) OF THIS SECTION.
   2. (I) IN A CITY WHICH, BY LOCAL LAW, HAS AUTHORIZED THE  ADJUDICATION
 OF LIABILITY IMPOSED UPON OWNERS BY THIS SECTION BY A PARKING VIOLATIONS
 BUREAU,  AN  OWNER  WHO  IS  A  LESSOR OF A VEHICLE TO WHICH A NOTICE OF
 LIABILITY WAS ISSUED PURSUANT TO SUBDIVISION (G) OF THIS  SECTION  SHALL
 A. 3535                            24
 
 NOT  BE  LIABLE FOR THE VIOLATION OF SUBDIVISION (B), (D), (F) OR (G) OF
 SECTION ELEVEN HUNDRED EIGHTY OF THIS ARTICLE, PROVIDED THAT:
   (A)  PRIOR  TO  THE VIOLATION, THE LESSOR HAS FILED WITH THE BUREAU IN
 ACCORDANCE WITH THE PROVISIONS OF SECTION  TWO  HUNDRED  THIRTY-NINE  OF
 THIS CHAPTER; AND
   (B) WITHIN THIRTY-SEVEN DAYS AFTER RECEIVING NOTICE FROM THE BUREAU OF
 THE  DATE  AND  TIME OF A LIABILITY, TOGETHER WITH THE OTHER INFORMATION
 CONTAINED IN THE ORIGINAL NOTICE OF LIABILITY, THE LESSOR SUBMITS TO THE
 BUREAU THE CORRECT NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE LESSEE OF THE VEHICLE IDENTI-
 FIED IN THE NOTICE OF LIABILITY AT THE TIME OF SUCH VIOLATION,  TOGETHER
 WITH SUCH OTHER ADDITIONAL INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THE RENTAL, LEASE OR
 OTHER  CONTRACT  DOCUMENT,  AS  MAY BE REASONABLY REQUIRED BY THE BUREAU
 PURSUANT TO REGULATIONS THAT MAY BE PROMULGATED FOR SUCH PURPOSE.
   (II) FAILURE TO COMPLY WITH CLAUSE (B) OF  SUBPARAGRAPH  (I)  OF  THIS
 PARAGRAPH  SHALL  RENDER  THE OWNER LIABLE FOR THE PENALTY PRESCRIBED IN
 THIS SECTION.
   (III) WHERE THE LESSOR COMPLIES WITH THE PROVISIONS OF THIS PARAGRAPH,
 THE LESSEE OF SUCH VEHICLE ON THE DATE OF SUCH VIOLATION SHALL BE DEEMED
 TO BE THE OWNER OF SUCH VEHICLE FOR PURPOSES OF THIS SECTION,  SHALL  BE
 SUBJECT  TO  LIABILITY  FOR  SUCH VIOLATION PURSUANT TO THIS SECTION AND
 SHALL BE SENT A NOTICE OF LIABILITY PURSUANT TO SUBDIVISION (G) OF  THIS
 SECTION.
   (K)  1.  IF  THE OWNER LIABLE FOR A VIOLATION OF SUBDIVISION (B), (D),
 (F) OR (G) OF SECTION ELEVEN HUNDRED EIGHTY OF THIS ARTICLE PURSUANT  TO
 THIS  SECTION  WAS  NOT  THE  OPERATOR OF THE VEHICLE AT THE TIME OF THE
 VIOLATION, THE OWNER MAY MAINTAIN AN ACTION FOR INDEMNIFICATION  AGAINST
 THE OPERATOR.
   2.  NOTWITHSTANDING ANY OTHER PROVISION OF THIS SECTION, NO OWNER OF A
 VEHICLE SHALL BE SUBJECT TO A MONETARY FINE  IMPOSED  PURSUANT  TO  THIS
 SECTION IF THE OPERATOR OF SUCH VEHICLE WAS OPERATING SUCH VEHICLE WITH-
 OUT  THE  CONSENT  OF  THE OWNER AT THE TIME SUCH OPERATOR OPERATED SUCH
 VEHICLE IN VIOLATION OF SUBDIVISION (B), (D),  (F)  OR  (G)  OF  SECTION
 ELEVEN  HUNDRED EIGHTY OF THIS ARTICLE. FOR PURPOSES OF THIS SUBDIVISION
 THERE SHALL BE A PRESUMPTION THAT THE OPERATOR OF SUCH VEHICLE WAS OPER-
 ATING SUCH VEHICLE WITH THE CONSENT OF THE OWNER AT THE TIME SUCH OPERA-
 TOR OPERATED SUCH VEHICLE IN VIOLATION OF SUBDIVISION (B), (D),  (F)  OR
 (G) OF SECTION ELEVEN HUNDRED EIGHTY OF THIS ARTICLE.
   (L)  NOTHING IN THIS SECTION SHALL BE CONSTRUED TO LIMIT THE LIABILITY
 OF AN OPERATOR OF A VEHICLE FOR ANY VIOLATION OF SUBDIVISION  (B),  (D),
 (F) OR (G) OF SECTION ELEVEN HUNDRED EIGHTY OF THIS ARTICLE.
   (M) IF THE COMMISSIONER OR CHAIR ADOPTS A DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM PURSU-
 ANT  TO  SUBDIVISION  (A)  OF THIS SECTION THE COMMISSIONER OR CHAIR, AS
 APPLICABLE, SHALL CONDUCT A STUDY AND SUBMIT A REPORT ON OR  BEFORE  MAY
 FIRST,  TWO THOUSAND TWENTY-SIX AND A REPORT ON OR BEFORE MAY FIRST, TWO
 THOUSAND TWENTY-EIGHT ON THE RESULTS OF THE USE OF PHOTO DEVICES TO  THE
 GOVERNOR,  THE  TEMPORARY PRESIDENT OF THE SENATE AND THE SPEAKER OF THE
 ASSEMBLY. THE COMMISSIONER OR CHAIR SHALL ALSO MAKE SUCH REPORTS  AVAIL-
 ABLE  ON  THEIR  PUBLIC-FACING  WEBSITES, PROVIDED THAT THEY MAY PROVIDE
 AGGREGATE DATA FROM PARAGRAPH ONE OF THIS SUBDIVISION IF THE COMMISSION-
 ER OR CHAIR FINDS THAT PUBLISHING SPECIFIC LOCATION DATA WOULD  JEOPARD-
 IZE PUBLIC SAFETY. SUCH REPORT SHALL INCLUDE:
   1. THE LOCATIONS WHERE AND DATES WHEN PHOTO SPEED VIOLATION MONITORING
 SYSTEMS WERE USED;
   2.  THE  AGGREGATE  NUMBER,  TYPE AND SEVERITY OF CRASHES, FATALITIES,
 INJURIES AND PROPERTY DAMAGE REPORTED WITHIN ALL HIGHWAY SAFETY CORRIDOR
 ON CONTROLLED-ACCESS HIGHWAYS OR ON  THE  THRUWAY,  TO  THE  EXTENT  THE
 A. 3535                            25
 
 INFORMATION  IS  MAINTAINED BY THE COMMISSIONER, CHAIR OR THE DEPARTMENT
 OF MOTOR VEHICLES OF THIS STATE;
   3.  THE  AGGREGATE  NUMBER,  TYPE AND SEVERITY OF CRASHES, FATALITIES,
 INJURIES AND PROPERTY DAMAGE REPORTED WITHIN THE HIGHWAY SAFETY CORRIDOR
 WHERE PHOTO SPEED VIOLATION MONITORING SYSTEMS WERE USED, TO THE  EXTENT
 THE  INFORMATION IS MAINTAINED BY THE COMMISSIONER, CHAIR OR THE DEPART-
 MENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES OF THIS STATE;
   4. THE NUMBER OF VIOLATIONS RECORDED WITHIN ALL HIGHWAY SAFETY  CORRI-
 DORS  ON  CONTROLLED-ACCESS HIGHWAYS OR ON THE THRUWAY, IN THE AGGREGATE
 ON A DAILY, WEEKLY AND MONTHLY BASIS TO THE EXTENT  THE  INFORMATION  IS
 MAINTAINED  BY  THE COMMISSIONER, CHAIR OR THE DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHI-
 CLES OF THIS STATE;
   5. THE NUMBER OF VIOLATIONS RECORDED WITHIN EACH HIGHWAY SAFETY CORRI-
 DOR WHERE A PHOTO SPEED VIOLATION MONITORING  SYSTEM  IS  USED,  IN  THE
 AGGREGATE ON A DAILY, WEEKLY AND MONTHLY BASIS;
   6.  TO  THE  EXTENT THE INFORMATION IS MAINTAINED BY THE COMMISSIONER,
 CHAIR OR THE DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES OF THIS STATE, THE  NUMBER  OF
 VIOLATIONS RECORDED WITHIN ALL HIGHWAY SAFETY CORRIDOR ON CONTROLLED-AC-
 CESS HIGHWAYS OR ON THE THRUWAY THAT WERE:
   (I)  MORE  THAN  TEN  BUT NOT MORE THAN TWENTY MILES PER HOUR OVER THE
 POSTED SPEED LIMIT;
   (II) MORE THAN TWENTY BUT NOT MORE THAN THIRTY MILES PER HOUR OVER THE
 POSTED SPEED LIMIT;
   (III) MORE THAN THIRTY BUT NOT MORE THAN FORTY MILES PER HOUR OVER THE
 POSTED SPEED LIMIT; AND
   (IV) MORE THAN FORTY MILES PER HOUR OVER THE POSTED SPEED LIMIT;
   7. THE NUMBER OF VIOLATIONS RECORDED WITHIN EACH HIGHWAY SAFETY CORRI-
 DOR WHERE A PHOTO SPEED VIOLATION MONITORING SYSTEM IS USED THAT WERE:
   (I) MORE THAN TEN BUT NOT MORE THAN TWENTY MILES  PER  HOUR  OVER  THE
 POSTED SPEED LIMIT;
   (II) MORE THAN TWENTY BUT NOT MORE THAN THIRTY MILES PER HOUR OVER THE
 POSTED SPEED LIMIT;
   (III) MORE THAN THIRTY BUT NOT MORE THAN FORTY MILES PER HOUR OVER THE
 POSTED SPEED LIMIT; AND
   (IV) MORE THAN FORTY MILES PER HOUR OVER THE POSTED SPEED LIMIT;
   8.  THE  TOTAL  NUMBER  OF  NOTICES OF LIABILITY ISSUED FOR VIOLATIONS
 RECORDED BY SUCH SYSTEMS;
   9. THE NUMBER OF FINES AND TOTAL AMOUNT OF FINES PAID AFTER THE  FIRST
 NOTICE  OF  LIABILITY ISSUED FOR VIOLATIONS RECORDED BY SUCH SYSTEMS, TO
 THE EXTENT THE INFORMATION IS MAINTAINED BY THE COMMISSIONER,  CHAIR  OR
 THE DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES OF THIS STATE;
   10. THE NUMBER OF VIOLATIONS ADJUDICATED AND THE RESULTS OF SUCH ADJU-
 DICATIONS  INCLUDING  BREAKDOWNS  OF  DISPOSITIONS  MADE  FOR VIOLATIONS
 RECORDED BY SUCH SYSTEMS, TO THE EXTENT THE INFORMATION IS MAINTAINED BY
 THE COMMISSIONER, CHAIR OR THE DEPARTMENT  OF  MOTOR  VEHICLES  OF  THIS
 STATE;
   11.  THE  TOTAL  AMOUNT  OF  REVENUE  REALIZED BY THE STATE OR THRUWAY
 AUTHORITY IN CONNECTION WITH THE PROGRAM;
   12. THE EXPENSES INCURRED BY THE STATE OR  THE  THRUWAY  AUTHORITY  IN
 CONNECTION WITH THE PROGRAM;
   13. AN ITEMIZED LIST OF EXPENDITURES MADE BY THE STATE AND THE THRUWAY
 AUTHORITY  ON  SAFETY  CORRIDOR  PROJECTS  UNDERTAKEN IN ACCORDANCE WITH
 SUBDIVISIONS ELEVEN AND TWELVE OF SECTION EIGHTEEN HUNDRED THREE OF THIS
 CHAPTER; AND
 A. 3535                            26
 
   14. THE QUALITY OF THE ADJUDICATION PROCESS AND ITS  RESULTS,  TO  THE
 EXTENT  THE  INFORMATION IS MAINTAINED BY THE COMMISSIONER, CHAIR OR THE
 DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES OF THIS STATE.
   (N) IT SHALL BE A DEFENSE TO ANY PROSECUTION FOR A VIOLATION OF SUBDI-
 VISION  (B),  (D),  (F)  OR (G) OF SECTION ELEVEN HUNDRED EIGHTY OF THIS
 ARTICLE PURSUANT TO THIS SECTION THAT SUCH PHOTO SPEED  VIOLATION  MONI-
 TORING SYSTEM WAS MALFUNCTIONING AT THE TIME OF THE ALLEGED VIOLATION.
   §  14.  Section  401 of the highway law, as renumbered by section 1 of
 this act, is amended to read as follows:
   § 401. Saving clause. The repeal of a law,  as  specified  in  section
 [three  hundred and fifty-three] FOUR HUNDRED FOUR OF THIS ARTICLE shall
 not affect or impair any contract, or any act done, or  right  accruing,
 accrued  or  acquired or any penalty, forfeiture, or punishment incurred
 prior to the time when this chapter or any section thereof takes effect,
 under or by virtue of  the  laws  so  repealed,  but  the  same  may  be
 asserted,  enforced,  prosecuted, or inflicted, as fully and to the same
 extent, as if such laws had not been repealed.
   § 15. Section 402 of the highway law, as added by chapter 506  of  the
 laws  of 1936, and as renumbered by section 1 of this act, is amended to
 read as follows:
   § 402. Effect of amendments to and repeals of provisions of the former
 highway law. 1. An act of the legislature of the year  nineteen  hundred
 thirty-six  which,  in  form,  amends or repeals or purports to amend or
 repeal any provision or provisions of the former highway  law  shall  be
 legally  effective notwithstanding the repeal of such former highway law
 by section  [three  hundred  fifty-three]  FOUR  HUNDRED  FOUR  OF  THIS
 ARTICLE,  and  shall be construed as an amendment or repeal, as the case
 may be, of the corresponding provision or  provisions  of  this  chapter
 irrespective  of  whether  such provision or provisions are contained in
 this chapter in one or more than one article,  section,  subdivision  or
 other  part thereof and such corresponding provision or provisions shall
 be deemed amended, modified, changed or repealed as though the same  had
 been expressly and in terms so amended or repealed.
   2.  An  act of the legislature of the year nineteen hundred thirty-six
 which adds or purports to add a new  article,  section,  subdivision  or
 other provision of law to the former highway law shall be legally effec-
 tive  notwithstanding  the  repeal of such former highway law by section
 [three hundred fifty-three] FOUR HUNDRED FOUR OF THIS ARTICLE and  shall
 be  construed  as  having  been added to this chapter and shall be given
 full effect according to its context as  if  the  same  had  been  added
 expressly  and in terms to this chapter and shall be deemed to have been
 inserted in this chapter in juxtaposition to and as modifying the effect
 of the corresponding provision or provisions of this chapter.
   3. The repeal of such former highway law  by  section  [three  hundred
 fifty-three] FOUR HUNDRED FOUR OF THIS ARTICLE shall not be construed to
 impair  or affect the validity of any act of the legislature of the year
 nineteen hundred thirty-six  relating  to  highways,  roads  or  bridges
 because  of  any  reference to or dependency on such former law but such
 act shall be construed in connection with  this  chapter  as  though  in
 terms and in effect such act referred to or dependent upon this chapter.
   §  16.  This  act  shall  take effect on the one hundred eightieth day
 after it shall have become a law. Effective immediately,  the  addition,
 amendment  and/or  repeal  of  any  rule or regulation necessary for the
 implementation of this act on its effective date are  authorized  to  be
 made and completed on or before such date.