S T A T E   O F   N E W   Y O R K
 ________________________________________________________________________
 
                                   5440
 
                        2025-2026 Regular Sessions
 
                           I N  A S S E M B L Y
 
                             February 14, 2025
                                ___________
 
 Introduced  by  M. of A. RAGA -- read once and referred to the Committee
   on Transportation
 
 AN ACT to amend the vehicle  and  traffic  law,  in  relation  to  owner
   liability  for  failure  of an operator to comply with traffic control
   indicators; to amend the public officers law, in relation to access to
   records prepared pursuant to traffic control indicators; and providing
   for the repeal of certain provisions upon expiration thereof
 
   THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, REPRESENTED IN SENATE AND  ASSEM-
 BLY, DO ENACT AS FOLLOWS:
 
   Section  1.  The  vehicle  and  traffic law is amended by adding a new
 section 1111-i to read as follows:
   § 1111-I. OWNER LIABILITY FOR FAILURE OF AN OPERATOR  TO  COMPLY  WITH
 TRAFFIC  CONTROL  INDICATORS. (A) 1. NOTWITHSTANDING ANY OTHER PROVISION
 OF LAW, THE CITY OF NEW YORK IS HEREBY AUTHORIZED TO ESTABLISH A  DEMON-
 STRATION  PROGRAM  IMPOSING MONETARY LIABILITY ON THE OWNER OF A VEHICLE
 FOR FAILURE OF AN OPERATOR THEREOF TO COMPLY WITH POSTED TRAFFIC CONTROL
 INDICATORS IN SUCH CITY  IN  ACCORDANCE  WITH  THE  PROVISIONS  OF  THIS
 SECTION.  SUCH  DEMONSTRATION  PROGRAM SHALL EMPOWER THE CITY TO INSTALL
 TRAFFIC CONTROL INDICATOR PHOTO  DEVICES  ON  CITY  VEHICLES  AND  ALONG
 STREETS  AT  LOCATIONS  DETERMINED  BY  SUCH CITY AND TO ADMINISTER SUCH
 PROGRAM IN CONSULTATION WITH THE NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTA-
 TION.
   2. ANY PHOTOGRAPHS,  MICROPHOTOGRAPHS,  VIDEOTAPE  OR  OTHER  RECORDED
 IMAGES  CAPTURED  BY  TRAFFIC  CONTROL  INDICATOR PHOTO DEVICES SHALL BE
 INADMISSIBLE IN ANY DISCIPLINARY PROCEEDING CONVENED BY THE CITY AND ANY
 PROCEEDING INITIATED BY THE CITY INVOLVING LICENSURE PRIVILEGES OF  CITY
 VEHICLE  OPERATORS.  ANY  TRAFFIC CONTROL INDICATOR PHOTO DEVICE MOUNTED
 ALONG STREETS AT LOCATIONS DETERMINED BY NEW YORK CITY OR MOUNTED  ON  A
 CITY  VEHICLE  SHALL  BE DIRECTED OUTWARDLY FROM SUCH VEHICLE TO CAPTURE
 IMAGES OF VEHICLES OPERATED IN VIOLATION OF TRAFFIC CONTROL  INDICATORS,
 AND  IMAGES  PRODUCED  BY  SUCH  DEVICE  SHALL NOT BE USED FOR ANY OTHER
 
  EXPLANATION--Matter in ITALICS (underscored) is new; matter in brackets
                       [ ] is old law to be omitted.
                                                            LBD06073-02-5
              

 A. 5440                             2
 
 PURPOSE IN THE ABSENCE OF A COURT ORDER  REQUIRING  SUCH  IMAGES  TO  BE
 PRODUCED.
   3.  NO  TRAFFIC  CONTROL  INDICATOR VEHICLE PHOTO DEVICE SHALL BE USED
 UNLESS ON THE DAY IT IS TO BE USED IT HAS SUCCESSFULLY  PASSED  A  SELF-
 TEST OF ITS FUNCTIONS.
   4. (I) SUCH DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM SHALL UTILIZE NECESSARY TECHNOLOGIES
 TO  ENSURE,  TO  THE  EXTENT  PRACTICABLE, THAT PHOTOGRAPHS, MICROPHOTO-
 GRAPHS, VIDEOTAPE OR OTHER RECORDED  IMAGES  PRODUCED  BY  SUCH  TRAFFIC
 CONTROL  INDICATOR  PHOTO  DEVICE SHALL NOT INCLUDE IMAGES THAT IDENTIFY
 THE DRIVER, THE PASSENGERS, OR THE CONTENTS OF THE VEHICLE.    PROVIDED,
 HOWEVER,  THAT  NO  NOTICE  OF LIABILITY ISSUED PURSUANT TO THIS SECTION
 SHALL BE DISMISSED SOLELY BECAUSE SUCH  A  PHOTOGRAPH,  MICROPHOTOGRAPH,
 VIDEOTAPE  OR  OTHER RECORDED IMAGE ALLOWS FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE
 DRIVER, THE PASSENGERS, OR THE CONTENTS OF VEHICLES WHERE THE CITY SHOWS
 THAT IT MADE REASONABLE EFFORTS TO COMPLY WITH THE  PROVISIONS  OF  THIS
 PARAGRAPH IN SUCH CASE.
   (II)  PHOTOGRAPHS,  MICROPHOTOGRAPHS,  VIDEOTAPE OR ANY OTHER RECORDED
 IMAGE FROM A TRAFFIC CONTROL INDICATOR PHOTO DEVICE  SHALL  BE  FOR  THE
 EXCLUSIVE USE OF THE CITY FOR THE PURPOSE OF THE ADJUDICATION OF LIABIL-
 ITY IMPOSED PURSUANT TO THIS SECTION AND OF THE OWNER RECEIVING A NOTICE
 OF  LIABILITY  PURSUANT  TO  THIS SECTION, AND SHALL BE DESTROYED BY THE
 CITY UPON THE FINAL RESOLUTION OF THE NOTICE OF LIABILITY TO WHICH  SUCH
 PHOTOGRAPHS,   MICROPHOTOGRAPHS,  VIDEOTAPE  OR  OTHER  RECORDED  IMAGES
 RELATE, OR ONE YEAR FOLLOWING THE DATE OF ISSUANCE  OF  SUCH  NOTICE  OF
 LIABILITY,  WHICHEVER  IS  LATER.  NOTWITHSTANDING THE PROVISIONS OF ANY
 OTHER LAW, RULE OR REGULATION TO THE CONTRARY, PHOTOGRAPHS,  MICROPHOTO-
 GRAPHS,  VIDEOTAPE  OR  ANY  OTHER RECORDED IMAGE FROM A TRAFFIC CONTROL
 INDICATOR PHOTO DEVICE SHALL NOT BE OPEN TO THE PUBLIC, NOR  SUBJECT  TO
 CIVIL  OR CRIMINAL PROCESS OR DISCOVERY, NOR USED BY ANY COURT OR ADMIN-
 ISTRATIVE OR ADJUDICATORY BODY  IN  ANY  ACTION  OR  PROCEEDING  THEREIN
 EXCEPT  THAT  WHICH  IS  NECESSARY  FOR  THE ADJUDICATION OF A NOTICE OF
 LIABILITY ISSUED PURSUANT TO THIS  SECTION,  AND  NO  PUBLIC  ENTITY  OR
 EMPLOYEE,  OFFICER  OR  AGENT  THEREOF  SHALL DISCLOSE SUCH INFORMATION,
 EXCEPT THAT SUCH PHOTOGRAPHS, MICROPHOTOGRAPHS, VIDEOTAPE OR  ANY  OTHER
 RECORDED IMAGES FROM SUCH DEVICES:
   (A) SHALL BE AVAILABLE FOR INSPECTION AND COPYING AND USE BY THE MOTOR
 VEHICLE  OWNER AND OPERATOR FOR SO LONG AS SUCH PHOTOGRAPHS, MICROPHOTO-
 GRAPHS, VIDEOTAPE OR OTHER RECORDED IMAGES ARE REQUIRED TO BE MAINTAINED
 OR ARE MAINTAINED BY SUCH PUBLIC ENTITY, EMPLOYEE, OFFICER OR AGENT; AND
   (B) (1) SHALL BE FURNISHED WHEN DESCRIBED IN A SEARCH  WARRANT  ISSUED
 BY A COURT AUTHORIZED TO ISSUE SUCH A SEARCH WARRANT PURSUANT TO ARTICLE
 SIX  HUNDRED  NINETY  OF  THE  CRIMINAL PROCEDURE LAW OR A FEDERAL COURT
 AUTHORIZED TO ISSUE SUCH A SEARCH WARRANT UNDER FEDERAL LAW, WHERE  SUCH
 SEARCH  WARRANT  STATES  THAT  THERE IS REASONABLE CAUSE TO BELIEVE SUCH
 INFORMATION CONSTITUTES EVIDENCE OF, OR TENDS  TO  DEMONSTRATE  THAT,  A
 MISDEMEANOR  OR  FELONY  OFFENSE  WAS COMMITTED IN THIS STATE OR ANOTHER
 STATE, OR THAT A PARTICULAR PERSON PARTICIPATED IN THE COMMISSION  OF  A
 MISDEMEANOR  OR FELONY OFFENSE IN THIS STATE OR ANOTHER STATE, PROVIDED,
 HOWEVER, THAT IF SUCH OFFENSE WAS AGAINST THE LAWS OF ANOTHER STATE, THE
 COURT SHALL ONLY ISSUE A WARRANT IF THE CONDUCT COMPRISING SUCH  OFFENSE
 WOULD,  IF  OCCURRING  IN THIS STATE, CONSTITUTE A MISDEMEANOR OR FELONY
 AGAINST THE LAWS OF THIS STATE; AND
   (2) SHALL BE FURNISHED IN RESPONSE TO A SUBPOENA DUCES TECUM SIGNED BY
 A JUDGE OF COMPETENT JURISDICTION AND ISSUED  PURSUANT  TO  ARTICLE  SIX
 HUNDRED  TEN OF THE CRIMINAL PROCEDURE LAW OR A JUDGE OR MAGISTRATE OF A
 FEDERAL COURT AUTHORIZED TO ISSUE SUCH  A  SUBPOENA  DUCES  TECUM  UNDER
 A. 5440                             3

 FEDERAL LAW, WHERE THE JUDGE FINDS AND THE SUBPOENA STATES THAT THERE IS
 REASONABLE CAUSE TO BELIEVE SUCH INFORMATION IS RELEVANT AND MATERIAL TO
 THE  PROSECUTION,  OR THE DEFENSE, OR THE INVESTIGATION BY AN AUTHORIZED
 LAW  ENFORCEMENT OFFICIAL, OF THE ALLEGED COMMISSION OF A MISDEMEANOR OR
 FELONY IN THIS STATE OR ANOTHER STATE, PROVIDED, HOWEVER, THAT  IF  SUCH
 OFFENSE  WAS AGAINST THE LAWS OF ANOTHER STATE, SUCH JUDGE OR MAGISTRATE
 SHALL ONLY ISSUE SUCH SUBPOENA IF THE CONDUCT  COMPRISING  SUCH  OFFENSE
 WOULD, IF OCCURRING IN THIS STATE, CONSTITUTE A MISDEMEANOR OR FELONY IN
 THIS STATE; AND
   (3)  MAY,  IF LAWFULLY OBTAINED PURSUANT TO THIS CLAUSE AND CLAUSE (A)
 OF THIS SUBPARAGRAPH AND OTHERWISE ADMISSIBLE, BE USED IN SUCH  CRIMINAL
 ACTION OR PROCEEDING.
   5.  EVERY  CITY  VEHICLE  UPON WHICH A TRAFFIC CONTROL INDICATOR PHOTO
 DEVICE IS INSTALLED AND OPERATED PURSUANT  TO  A  DEMONSTRATION  PROGRAM
 AUTHORIZED  PURSUANT TO THIS SECTION SHALL BE EQUIPPED WITH SIGNS, PLAC-
 ARDS OR OTHER DISPLAYS GIVING NOTICE TO APPROACHING MOTOR VEHICLE OPERA-
 TORS THAT TRAFFIC CONTROL INDICATOR PHOTO DEVICES ARE  USED  TO  ENFORCE
 TRAFFIC CONTROL INDICATORS.
   6. WARNING NOTICES OF VIOLATION SHALL BE ISSUED DURING THE FIRST SIXTY
 DAYS  THAT  TRAFFIC CONTROL INDICATOR PHOTO DEVICES PURSUANT TO A DEMON-
 STRATION PROGRAM AUTHORIZED BY THIS SECTION ARE ACTIVE AND IN OPERATION.
   7. THE CITY SHALL ADOPT AND ENFORCE MEASURES:
   (I) TO UPGRADE SIGNAGE  AT  REGULAR  INTERVALS  STATING  THAT  TRAFFIC
 CONTROL  INDICATOR  PHOTO  DEVICES  ARE  USED TO ENFORCE TRAFFIC CONTROL
 INDICATORS ALONG SUCH ROUTES; AND
   (II) TO PROHIBIT THE USE OR DISSEMINATION OF VEHICLES'  LICENSE  PLATE
 INFORMATION AND OTHER INFORMATION AND IMAGES CAPTURED BY TRAFFIC CONTROL
 INDICATOR  PHOTO  DEVICES EXCEPT: (A) AS REQUIRED TO ESTABLISH LIABILITY
 UNDER THIS SECTION OR COLLECT PAYMENT OF PENALTIES; (B) AS  REQUIRED  BY
 COURT ORDER; OR (C) AS OTHERWISE REQUIRED BY LAW.
   (B)  IF THE CITY HAS ESTABLISHED A PROGRAM PURSUANT TO SUBDIVISION (A)
 OF THIS SECTION, THE OWNER OF A VEHICLE SHALL BE LIABLE  FOR  A  PENALTY
 IMPOSED PURSUANT TO THIS SECTION IF SUCH VEHICLE WAS PARKED IN VIOLATION
 OF  ANY  PARKING  RULE  OF  SUCH CITY AND SUCH VIOLATION IS EVIDENCED BY
 INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM A TRAFFIC CONTROL INDICATOR PHOTO DEVICE.
   (C) FOR PURPOSES OF THIS SECTION, THE FOLLOWING TERMS SHALL  HAVE  THE
 FOLLOWING MEANINGS:
   1. "CITY" SHALL MEAN THE CITY OF NEW YORK.
   2.  "MANUAL  ON UNIFORM TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES" OR "MUTCD" SHALL MEAN
 THE MANUAL AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR A UNIFORM SYSTEM  OF  TRAFFIC  CONTROL
 DEVICES  MAINTAINED  BY  THE  COMMISSIONER OF TRANSPORTATION PURSUANT TO
 SECTION SIXTEEN HUNDRED EIGHTY OF THIS CHAPTER.
   3. "OWNER" SHALL HAVE THE MEANING PROVIDED IN ARTICLE  TWO-B  OF  THIS
 CHAPTER.
   4.  "TRAFFIC  CONTROL  INDICATORS"  SHALL MEAN THE PROHIBITED PARKING,
 STANDING OR STOPPING OF ANY VEHICLE BY  THE  CITY  OF  NEW  YORK  DURING
 DESIGNATED  TIME  PERIODS AS POSTED BY SIGNS OR STREET MARKINGS PURSUANT
 TO THE RULES OF THE NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION.
   5. "TRAFFIC CONTROL INDICATOR PHOTO DEVICE" SHALL MEAN A  DEVICE  THAT
 IS  MOUNTED  ALONG  STREETS  AT LOCATIONS DETERMINED BY NEW YORK CITY AS
 WELL AS A DEVICE THAT IS MOUNTED ON A VEHICLE, IS CAPABLE  OF  OPERATING
 INDEPENDENTLY  OF AN ENFORCEMENT OFFICER AND PRODUCES ONE OR MORE IMAGES
 OF EACH VEHICLE AT THE TIME IT IS IN VIOLATION OF TRAFFIC CONTROL  INDI-
 CATORS.
   (D)  A  CERTIFICATE,  SWORN TO OR AFFIRMED BY A TECHNICIAN EMPLOYED BY
 THE CITY, OR A FACSIMILE THEREOF, BASED UPON INSPECTION OF  PHOTOGRAPHS,
 A. 5440                             4
 
 MICROPHOTOGRAPHS, VIDEOTAPE OR OTHER RECORDED IMAGES PRODUCED BY A TRAF-
 FIC CONTROL INDICATOR PHOTO DEVICE, SHALL BE PRIMA FACIE EVIDENCE OF THE
 FACTS CONTAINED THEREIN. ANY PHOTOGRAPHS, MICROPHOTOGRAPHS, VIDEOTAPE OR
 OTHER RECORDED IMAGES EVIDENCING SUCH A VIOLATION SHALL BE AVAILABLE FOR
 INSPECTION  IN  ANY  PROCEEDING  TO  ADJUDICATE  THE  LIABILITY FOR SUCH
 VIOLATION PURSUANT TO THIS SECTION.
   (E) AN OWNER LIABLE FOR A VIOLATION OF A PARKING RULE IMPOSED  ON  ANY
 ROUTE SHALL BE LIABLE FOR MONETARY PENALTIES IN ACCORDANCE WITH A SCHED-
 ULE  OF FINES AND PENALTIES PROMULGATED BY THE PARKING VIOLATIONS BUREAU
 OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK; PROVIDED, HOWEVER, THAT  THE  MONETARY  PENALTY
 FOR  VIOLATING  A  PARKING  RULE  SHALL NOT EXCEED FIFTY DOLLARS FOR THE
 FIRST VIOLATION; ONE HUNDRED DOLLARS FOR A  SECOND  VIOLATION  WITHIN  A
 TWELVE-MONTH  PERIOD;  ONE  HUNDRED  FIFTY DOLLARS FOR A THIRD VIOLATION
 WITHIN A TWELVE-MONTH PERIOD; TWO HUNDRED DOLLARS FOR A FOURTH VIOLATION
 WITHIN A TWELVE-MONTH PERIOD; AND TWO HUNDRED  FIFTY  DOLLARS  FOR  EACH
 SUBSEQUENT  VIOLATION  WITHIN  A TWELVE-MONTH PERIOD; PROVIDED, FURTHER,
 THAT AN OWNER SHALL BE LIABLE FOR AN ADDITIONAL PENALTY  NOT  TO  EXCEED
 TWENTY-FIVE  DOLLARS  FOR EACH VIOLATION FOR THE FAILURE TO RESPOND TO A
 NOTICE OF LIABILITY WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME PERIOD.
   (F) AN IMPOSITION OF LIABILITY UNDER THE DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM  ESTAB-
 LISHED  PURSUANT  TO THIS SECTION SHALL NOT BE DEEMED A CONVICTION AS AN
 OPERATOR AND SHALL NOT BE MADE PART  OF  THE  OPERATING  RECORD  OF  THE
 PERSON  UPON  WHOM  SUCH  LIABILITY  IS IMPOSED NOR SHALL IT BE USED FOR
 INSURANCE PURPOSES IN THE PROVISION OF MOTOR VEHICLE INSURANCE COVERAGE.
   (G) 1. A NOTICE OF LIABILITY SHALL BE SENT BY FIRST CLASS MAIL TO EACH
 PERSON ALLEGED TO BE LIABLE AS AN OWNER FOR A  VIOLATION  OF  A  PARKING
 RULE.  PERSONAL DELIVERY ON THE OWNER SHALL NOT BE REQUIRED. A MANUAL OR
 AUTOMATIC RECORD OF MAILING PREPARED IN THE ORDINARY COURSE OF  BUSINESS
 SHALL BE PRIMA FACIE EVIDENCE OF THE FACTS CONTAINED THEREIN.
   2.  A  NOTICE  OF  LIABILITY SHALL CONTAIN THE NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE
 PERSON ALLEGED TO BE LIABLE AS AN OWNER FOR VIOLATION OF A PARKING RULE,
 THE REGISTRATION NUMBER OF THE VEHICLE INVOLVED IN SUCH  VIOLATION,  THE
 LOCATION  WHERE  SUCH VIOLATION TOOK PLACE INCLUDING THE STREET OR CROSS
 STREETS, ONE OR MORE IMAGES IDENTIFYING THE VIOLATION, THE DATE AND TIME
 OF SUCH VIOLATION AND THE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER OF THE  TRAFFIC  CONTROL
 INDICATOR  PHOTO  DEVICE  THAT  RECORDED THE VIOLATION OR OTHER DOCUMENT
 LOCATOR NUMBER.
   3. THE NOTICE OF LIABILITY  SHALL  CONTAIN  INFORMATION  ADVISING  THE
 PERSON  CHARGED  OF  THE  MANNER  AND  THE TIME IN WHICH SUCH PERSON MAY
 CONTEST THE LIABILITY ALLEGED IN THE NOTICE. SUCH  NOTICE  OF  LIABILITY
 SHALL  ALSO  CONTAIN A WARNING TO ADVISE THE PERSON CHARGED THAT FAILURE
 TO CONTEST IN THE MANNER AND TIME PROVIDED SHALL BE DEEMED AN  ADMISSION
 OF LIABILITY AND THAT A DEFAULT JUDGMENT MAY BE ENTERED THEREON.
   4.  THE NOTICE OF LIABILITY SHALL BE PREPARED AND MAILED BY THE AGENCY
 OR AGENCIES DESIGNATED BY THE CITY, OR ANY OTHER  ENTITY  AUTHORIZED  BY
 SUCH CITY TO PREPARE AND MAIL SUCH NOTIFICATION OF VIOLATION.
   5.  ADJUDICATION  OF THE LIABILITY IMPOSED UPON OWNERS BY THIS SECTION
 SHALL BE BY THE NEW YORK CITY PARKING VIOLATIONS BUREAU.
   (H) IF AN OWNER OF A VEHICLE RECEIVES A NOTICE OF  LIABILITY  PURSUANT
 TO  THIS  SECTION  FOR  ANY  TIME  PERIOD  DURING  WHICH THE VEHICLE WAS
 REPORTED TO THE POLICE DEPARTMENT AS HAVING BEEN STOLEN, IT SHALL  BE  A
 VALID  DEFENSE  TO AN ALLEGATION OF LIABILITY FOR VIOLATION OF A PARKING
 RULE OF SUCH CITY, THAT THE VEHICLE HAD BEEN REPORTED TO THE  POLICE  AS
 STOLEN  PRIOR TO THE TIME THE VIOLATION OCCURRED AND HAD NOT BEEN RECOV-
 ERED BY SUCH TIME. FOR PURPOSES OF ASSERTING  THE  DEFENSE  PROVIDED  BY
 THIS  SUBDIVISION  IT  SHALL  BE SUFFICIENT THAT A CERTIFIED COPY OF THE
 A. 5440                             5
 
 POLICE REPORT ON THE STOLEN VEHICLE BE SENT BY FIRST CLASS MAIL  TO  THE
 CITY PARKING VIOLATIONS BUREAU.
   (I)  1.  AN  OWNER  WHO  IS A LESSOR OF A VEHICLE TO WHICH A NOTICE OF
 LIABILITY WAS ISSUED PURSUANT TO SUBDIVISION (G) OF THIS  SECTION  SHALL
 NOT BE LIABLE FOR THE VIOLATION OF THE PARKING RULE, PROVIDED THAT:
   (I)  PRIOR  TO  THE  VIOLATION, THE LESSOR HAS FILED WITH SUCH PARKING
 VIOLATIONS BUREAU IN ACCORDANCE  WITH  THE  PROVISIONS  OF  SECTION  TWO
 HUNDRED THIRTY-NINE OF THIS CHAPTER; AND
   (II)  WITHIN THIRTY-SEVEN DAYS AFTER RECEIVING NOTICE FROM SUCH BUREAU
 OF THE DATE AND TIME OF SUCH LIABILITY, TOGETHER WITH THE OTHER INFORMA-
 TION CONTAINED IN THE ORIGINAL NOTICE OF LIABILITY, THE  LESSOR  SUBMITS
 TO SUCH BUREAU THE CORRECT NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE LESSEE OF THE VEHICLE
 IDENTIFIED  IN  THE  NOTICE  OF LIABILITY AT THE TIME OF SUCH VIOLATION,
 TOGETHER WITH SUCH OTHER ADDITIONAL INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THE RENTAL,
 LEASE OR OTHER CONTRACT DOCUMENT, AS MAY BE REASONABLY REQUIRED BY  SUCH
 BUREAU PURSUANT TO REGULATIONS THAT MAY BE PROMULGATED FOR SUCH PURPOSE.
   2.  FAILURE  TO COMPLY WITH SUBPARAGRAPH (II) OF PARAGRAPH ONE OF THIS
 SUBDIVISION SHALL RENDER THE LESSOR LIABLE FOR THE PENALTY PRESCRIBED IN
 THIS SECTION.
   3. WHERE THE LESSOR COMPLIES WITH THE PROVISIONS OF PARAGRAPH  ONE  OF
 THIS  SUBDIVISION,  THE  LESSEE  OF  SUCH  VEHICLE  ON  THE DATE OF SUCH
 VIOLATION SHALL BE DEEMED TO BE THE OWNER OF SUCH VEHICLE  FOR  PURPOSES
 OF THIS SECTION, SHALL BE SUBJECT TO LIABILITY FOR SUCH VIOLATION PURSU-
 ANT TO THIS SECTION, AND SHALL BE SENT A NOTICE OF LIABILITY PURSUANT TO
 SUBDIVISION (G) OF THIS SECTION.
   (J)  NOTHING IN THIS SECTION SHALL BE CONSTRUED TO LIMIT THE LIABILITY
 OF AN OPERATOR OF A VEHICLE FOR ANY VIOLATION OF A PARKING RULE.
   (K) IF THE CITY ADOPTS A DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM PURSUANT TO SUBDIVISION
 (A) OF THIS SECTION, SUCH  CITY'S  DEPARTMENT  OF  TRANSPORTATION  SHALL
 SUBMIT  A  REPORT ON THE RESULTS OF THE USE OF TRAFFIC CONTROL INDICATOR
 PHOTO DEVICES TO THE GOVERNOR, THE TEMPORARY PRESIDENT  OF  THE  SENATE,
 AND  THE  SPEAKER  OF  THE ASSEMBLY TWO YEARS AFTER THE DEMONSTRATION IS
 ADOPTED. THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK  SHALL
 ALSO  MAKE  SUCH  REPORTS  AVAILABLE  ON  THEIR  PUBLIC-FACING WEBSITES,
 PROVIDED THAT THEY MAY PROVIDE AGGREGATE DATA FROM PARAGRAPH ONE OF THIS
 SUBDIVISION IF THE CITY FINDS THAT  PUBLISHING  SPECIFIC  LOCATION  DATA
 WOULD  JEOPARDIZE  PUBLIC SAFETY.  SUCH REPORT SHALL INCLUDE, BUT NOT BE
 LIMITED TO:
   1. A DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  LOCATIONS  AND/OR  VEHICLES  WHERE  TRAFFIC
 CONTROL INDICATOR VEHICLE PHOTO DEVICES WERE USED;
   2.  THE  TOTAL  NUMBER  OF VIOLATIONS RECORDED ON A MONTHLY AND ANNUAL
 BASIS;
   3. THE TOTAL NUMBER OF NOTICES OF LIABILITY ISSUED;
   4. THE NUMBER OF FINES AND TOTAL AMOUNT OF FINES PAID AFTER THE  FIRST
 NOTICE OF LIABILITY;
   5.  THE  NUMBER  OF VIOLATIONS ADJUDICATED AND RESULTS OF SUCH ADJUDI-
 CATIONS INCLUDING BREAKDOWNS OF DISPOSITIONS MADE;
   6. THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF REVENUE REALIZED BY SUCH  CITY  AND  DEPARTMENT
 AND  AN  ITEMIZED  LIST  OF EXPENDITURES MADE BY THE CITY AND DEPARTMENT
 WITH THESE REVENUES;
   7. THE QUALITY OF THE ADJUDICATION PROCESS AND ITS RESULTS;
   8. THE TOTAL NUMBER OF CAMERAS BY TYPE OF CAMERA USED; AND
   9. THE TOTAL COST TO SUCH CITY.
   (L) IT SHALL BE A DEFENSE TO ANY PROSECUTION  FOR  A  VIOLATION  OF  A
 PARKING  RULE  PURSUANT  TO  A DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
 A. 5440                             6
 
 THIS SECTION THAT SUCH TRAFFIC  CONTROL  INDICATOR  PHOTO  DEVICES  WERE
 MALFUNCTIONING AT THE TIME OF THE ALLEGED VIOLATION.
   §  2.  Subdivision 1 of section 235 of the vehicle and traffic law, as
 amended by section 2 of part MM of chapter 56 of the laws  of  2023,  is
 amended to read as follows:
   1.  Notwithstanding any inconsistent provision of any general, special
 or local law or administrative code to the contrary, in any  city  which
 heretofore  or  hereafter  is  authorized to establish an administrative
 tribunal: (a) to hear and determine complaints  of  traffic  infractions
 constituting parking, standing or stopping violations, or (b) to adjudi-
 cate  the  liability  of  owners  for  violations  of subdivision (d) of
 section eleven hundred eleven of this  chapter  imposed  pursuant  to  a
 local  law  or  ordinance  imposing monetary liability on the owner of a
 vehicle for failure of an operator thereof to comply  with  traffic-con-
 trol  indications through the installation and operation of traffic-con-
 trol signal photo violation-monitoring systems, in accordance with arti-
 cle twenty-four of this chapter, or (c) to adjudicate the  liability  of
 owners  for  violations  of  subdivision  (b),  (c),  (d), (f) or (g) of
 section eleven hundred eighty of this  chapter  imposed  pursuant  to  a
 demonstration  program  imposing  monetary  liability  on the owner of a
 vehicle for failure of an operator thereof to comply  with  such  posted
 maximum  speed  limits  through  the installation and operation of photo
 speed violation monitoring systems, in accordance with article thirty of
 this  chapter,  or  (d)  to  adjudicate  the  liability  of  owners  for
 violations of bus lane restrictions as defined by article twenty-four of
 this  chapter  imposed  pursuant to a bus rapid transit program imposing
 monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an  operator
 thereof  to comply with such bus lane restrictions through the installa-
 tion and operation of bus lane photo devices, in accordance with article
 twenty-four of this chapter, or  (e)  to  adjudicate  the  liability  of
 owners  for violations of toll collection regulations imposed by certain
 public authorities pursuant to the law authorizing such public  authori-
 ties  to impose monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure
 of an operator thereof to comply with  toll  collection  regulations  of
 such  public  authorities  through  the  installation  and  operation of
 photo-monitoring systems, in accordance with the provisions  of  section
 two  thousand nine hundred eighty-five of the public authorities law and
 sections sixteen-a, sixteen-b and sixteen-c  of  chapter  seven  hundred
 seventy-four of the laws of nineteen hundred fifty, or (f) to adjudicate
 the  liability of owners for violations of section eleven hundred seven-
 ty-four of this chapter when meeting a school bus marked and equipped as
 provided in  subdivisions  twenty  and  twenty-one-c  of  section  three
 hundred  seventy-five of this chapter imposed pursuant to a local law or
 ordinance imposing monetary liability on the  owner  of  a  vehicle  for
 failure  of  an  operator  thereof  to comply with school bus red visual
 signals through the installation  and  operation  of  school  bus  photo
 violation  monitoring systems, in accordance with article twenty-nine of
 this  chapter,  or  (g)  to  adjudicate  the  liability  of  owners  for
 violations  of section three hundred eighty-five of this chapter and the
 rules of the department of transportation of the city  of  New  York  in
 relation  to  gross vehicle weight and/or axle weight violations imposed
 pursuant to a weigh in motion demonstration  program  imposing  monetary
 liability  on  the owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator thereof
 to comply with such gross vehicle weight and/or axle weight restrictions
 through the installation and operation  of  weigh  in  motion  violation
 monitoring  systems,  in accordance with article ten of this chapter, or
 A. 5440                             7
 
 (h) to adjudicate the liability of owners for violations of  subdivision
 (b),  (d),  (f)  or (g) of section eleven hundred eighty of this chapter
 imposed pursuant to a demonstration program imposing monetary  liability
 on  the  owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator thereof to comply
 with such posted maximum speed limits within a highway  construction  or
 maintenance  work  area  through the installation and operation of photo
 speed violation monitoring systems, in accordance with article thirty of
 this  chapter,  or  (i)  to  adjudicate  the  liability  of  owners  for
 violations  of  bus  operation-related traffic regulations as defined by
 article twenty-four of this chapter imposed pursuant to a  demonstration
 program  imposing monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for fail-
 ure of an operator thereof to comply  with  such  bus  operation-related
 traffic regulations through the installation and operation of bus opera-
 tion-related  photo  devices,  in accordance with article twenty-four of
 this  chapter,  OR  (J)  TO  ADJUDICATE  THE  LIABILITY  OF  OWNERS  FOR
 VIOLATIONS  OF  TRAFFIC CONTROL INDICATORS AS DEFINED BY ARTICLE TWENTY-
 FOUR OF THIS CHAPTER IMPOSED PURSUANT TO  A  PROGRAM  IMPOSING  MONETARY
 LIABILITY  ON  THE OWNER OF A VEHICLE FOR FAILURE OF AN OPERATOR THEREOF
 TO COMPLY WITH SUCH TRAFFIC CONTROL INDICATORS THROUGH THE  INSTALLATION
 AND  OPERATION OF TRAFFIC CONTROL INDICATOR PHOTO DEVICES, IN ACCORDANCE
 WITH ARTICLE TWENTY-FOUR OF THIS CHAPTER, such tribunal  and  the  rules
 and  regulations  pertaining thereto shall be constituted in substantial
 conformance with the following sections.
   § 3. Subdivision 1 of section 236 of the vehicle and traffic  law,  as
 amended  by  section  3 of part MM of chapter 56 of the laws of 2023, is
 amended to read as follows:
   1. Creation. In any city as hereinbefore or hereafter authorized  such
 tribunal  when  created  shall be known as the parking violations bureau
 and shall have jurisdiction of traffic infractions  which  constitute  a
 parking violation and, where authorized: (a) to adjudicate the liability
 of  owners  for  violations of subdivision (d) of section eleven hundred
 eleven of this chapter imposed pursuant to  a  local  law  or  ordinance
 imposing  monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an
 operator thereof to comply with traffic-control indications through  the
 installation  and  operation  of traffic-control signal photo violation-
 monitoring systems, in accordance with article twenty-four of this chap-
 ter, or (b) to adjudicate the liability  of  owners  for  violations  of
 subdivision  (b),  (c), (d), (f) or (g) of section eleven hundred eighty
 of this chapter imposed pursuant to  a  demonstration  program  imposing
 monetary  liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator
 thereof to comply with such posted  maximum  speed  limits  through  the
 installation  and operation of photo speed violation monitoring systems,
 in accordance with article thirty of this chapter, or (c) to  adjudicate
 the  liability  of  owners  for  violations  of bus lane restrictions as
 defined by article twenty-four of this chapter imposed pursuant to a bus
 rapid transit program imposing monetary liability  on  the  owner  of  a
 vehicle  for failure of an operator thereof to comply with such bus lane
 restrictions through the installation and operation of  bus  lane  photo
 devices,  in accordance with article twenty-four of this chapter, or (d)
 to adjudicate the liability of owners for violations of toll  collection
 regulations  imposed  by  certain public authorities pursuant to the law
 authorizing such public authorities to impose monetary liability on  the
 owner  of  a  vehicle  for failure of an operator thereof to comply with
 toll collection regulations  of  such  public  authorities  through  the
 installation  and  operation  of photo-monitoring systems, in accordance
 with the provisions of section two thousand nine hundred eighty-five  of
 A. 5440                             8

 the  public  authorities  law  and  sections  sixteen-a,  sixteen-b  and
 sixteen-c of chapter seven hundred seventy-four of the laws of  nineteen
 hundred  fifty,  or  (e)  to  adjudicate  the  liability  of  owners for
 violations  of  section eleven hundred seventy-four of this chapter when
 meeting a school bus marked and equipped  as  provided  in  subdivisions
 twenty  and  twenty-one-c  of section three hundred seventy-five of this
 chapter imposed pursuant to a local law or ordinance  imposing  monetary
 liability  on  the owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator thereof
 to comply with school bus red visual signals  through  the  installation
 and  operation  of  school  bus  photo  violation monitoring systems, in
 accordance with article twenty-nine of this chapter, or (f)  to  adjudi-
 cate  the  liability  of  owners for violations of section three hundred
 eighty-five of this chapter and the rules of the department of transpor-
 tation of the city of New York  in  relation  to  gross  vehicle  weight
 and/or  axle  weight  violations  imposed  pursuant to a weigh in motion
 demonstration program imposing monetary liability  on  the  owner  of  a
 vehicle  for  failure  of  an operator thereof to comply with such gross
 vehicle weight and/or axle weight restrictions through the  installation
 and  operation  of  weigh  in  motion  violation  monitoring systems, in
 accordance with article ten of this chapter, or (g)  to  adjudicate  the
 liability  of  owners for violations of subdivision (b), (d), (f) or (g)
 of section eleven hundred eighty of this chapter imposed pursuant  to  a
 demonstration  program  imposing  monetary  liability  on the owner of a
 vehicle for failure of an operator thereof to comply  with  such  posted
 maximum  speed  limits within a highway construction or maintenance work
 area through the installation and operation  of  photo  speed  violation
 monitoring  systems,  in accordance with article thirty of this chapter,
 or (h) to adjudicate the liability of owners for violations of bus oper-
 ation-related traffic regulations as defined by article  twenty-four  of
 this  chapter imposed pursuant to a demonstration program imposing mone-
 tary liability on the owner of a vehicle  for  failure  of  an  operator
 thereof  to  comply  with such bus operation-related traffic regulations
 through the installation and operation of  bus  operation-related  photo
 devices,  in accordance with article twenty-four of this chapter, OR (I)
 TO ADJUDICATE THE LIABILITY OF OWNERS FOR VIOLATIONS OF TRAFFIC  CONTROL
 INDICATORS  AS  DEFINED  BY  ARTICLE TWENTY-FOUR OF THIS CHAPTER IMPOSED
 PURSUANT TO A PROGRAM IMPOSING MONETARY LIABILITY  ON  THE  OWNER  OF  A
 VEHICLE  FOR  FAILURE OF AN OPERATOR THEREOF TO COMPLY WITH SUCH TRAFFIC
 CONTROL INDICATORS THROUGH THE INSTALLATION  AND  OPERATION  OF  TRAFFIC
 CONTROL  INDICATOR PHOTO DEVICES, IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE TWENTY-FOUR
 OF THIS CHAPTER. Such tribunal, except in a city with  a  population  of
 one  million  or more, shall also have jurisdiction of abandoned vehicle
 violations. For the purposes of this article, a parking violation is the
 violation of any law, rule or regulation providing for or regulating the
 parking, stopping or standing of a vehicle. In addition for purposes  of
 this  article, "commissioner" shall mean and include the commissioner of
 traffic of the city or  an  official  possessing  authority  as  such  a
 commissioner.
   §  4.  Paragraph  f of subdivision 1 of section 239 of the vehicle and
 traffic law, as amended by section 4 of part MM of  chapter  56  of  the
 laws of 2023, is amended to read as follows:
   f.  "Notice  of  violation"  means a notice of violation as defined in
 subdivision nine of section two hundred thirty-seven  of  this  article,
 but shall not be deemed to include a notice of liability issued pursuant
 to authorization set forth in articles ten, twenty-four, twenty-nine and
 thirty of this chapter, section two thousand nine hundred eighty-five of
 A. 5440                             9
 
 the  public  authorities  law  and  sections  sixteen-a,  sixteen-b  and
 sixteen-c of chapter seven hundred seventy-four of the laws of  nineteen
 hundred fifty to impose monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for
 failure  of  an  operator  thereof: to comply with traffic-control indi-
 cations in violation of subdivision (d) of section eleven hundred eleven
 of this chapter through the installation and operation  of  traffic-con-
 trol signal photo violation-monitoring systems, in accordance with arti-
 cle  twenty-four of this chapter; or to comply with certain posted maxi-
 mum speed limits in violation of subdivision (b), (c), (d), (f)  or  (g)
 of  section  eleven hundred eighty of this chapter through the installa-
 tion and operation of  photo  speed  violation  monitoring  systems,  in
 accordance  with  article  thirty of this chapter; or to comply with bus
 lane restrictions as defined by  article  twenty-four  of  this  chapter
 through  the  installation  and  operation of bus lane photo devices, in
 accordance with article twenty-four of this chapter; or to  comply  with
 toll  collection  regulations  of certain public authorities through the
 installation and operation of photo-monitoring  systems,  in  accordance
 with  the provisions of section two thousand nine hundred eighty-five of
 the  public  authorities  law  and  sections  sixteen-a,  sixteen-b  and
 sixteen-c  of chapter seven hundred seventy-four of the laws of nineteen
 hundred fifty; or to stop for a  school  bus  displaying  a  red  visual
 signal in violation of section eleven hundred seventy-four of this chap-
 ter through the installation and operation of school bus photo violation
 monitoring systems, in accordance with article twenty-nine of this chap-
 ter;  or to comply with certain posted maximum speed limits in violation
 of subdivision (b), (d), (f) or (g) of section eleven hundred eighty  of
 this  chapter  within  a  highway  construction or maintenance work area
 through the installation and operation of photo speed violation monitor-
 ing systems, in accordance with article thirty of this  chapter;  or  to
 comply  with  gross  vehicle  weight  and/or axle weight restrictions in
 violation of section three hundred eighty-five of this chapter  and  the
 rules  of  the  department  of  transportation  of  the city of New York
 through the installation and operation  of  weigh  in  motion  violation
 monitoring  systems,  in accordance with article ten of this chapter; or
 to comply with bus operation-related traffic regulations as  defined  by
 article  twenty-four  of  this  chapter in violation of the rules of the
 department of transportation of the city of New York through the instal-
 lation and operation of bus operation-related photo devices, in  accord-
 ance with article twenty-four of this chapter; OR TO COMPLY WITH TRAFFIC
 CONTROL  INDICATORS  AS  DEFINED  BY ARTICLE TWENTY-FOUR OF THIS CHAPTER
 THROUGH THE INSTALLATION AND  OPERATION  OF  TRAFFIC  CONTROL  INDICATOR
 PHOTO DEVICES, IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE TWENTY-FOUR OF THIS CHAPTER.
   § 5. Subdivisions 1, 1-a and the opening paragraph of paragraph (a) of
 subdivision  1-b  of  section  240  of  the  vehicle and traffic law, as
 amended by section 5 of part MM of chapter 56 of the laws of  2023,  are
 amended to read as follows:
   1.  Notice  of  hearing.  Whenever  a  person  charged  with a parking
 violation enters a plea of not guilty; or a person alleged to be  liable
 in  accordance  with  any provisions of law specifically authorizing the
 imposition of monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle  for  failure
 of  an  operator  thereof: to comply with traffic-control indications in
 violation of subdivision (d) of section eleven hundred  eleven  of  this
 chapter through the installation and operation of traffic-control signal
 photo  violation-monitoring  systems, in accordance with article twenty-
 four of this chapter; or to comply with  certain  posted  maximum  speed
 limits  in violation of subdivision (b), (c), (d), (f) or (g) of section
 A. 5440                            10
 
 eleven hundred eighty of this chapter through the installation and oper-
 ation of photo speed violation monitoring systems,  in  accordance  with
 article  thirty of this chapter; or to comply with bus lane restrictions
 as  defined by article twenty-four of this chapter through the installa-
 tion and operation of bus lane photo devices, in accordance with article
 twenty-four of this chapter; or to comply  with  toll  collection  regu-
 lations of certain public authorities through the installation and oper-
 ation  of photo-monitoring systems, in accordance with the provisions of
 section two thousand nine hundred eighty-five of the public  authorities
 law  and  sections  sixteen-a,  sixteen-b and sixteen-c of chapter seven
 hundred seventy-four of the laws of nineteen hundred fifty; or  to  stop
 for  a school bus displaying a red visual signal in violation of section
 eleven hundred seventy-four of this chapter through the installation and
 operation of school bus photo violation monitoring systems,  in  accord-
 ance with article twenty-nine of this chapter; or to comply with certain
 posted maximum speed limits in violation of subdivision (b), (d), (f) or
 (g)  of  section  eleven hundred eighty of this chapter within a highway
 construction or maintenance work area through the installation and oper-
 ation of photo speed violation monitoring systems,  in  accordance  with
 article  thirty  of this chapter; or to comply with gross vehicle weight
 and/or axle weight restrictions in violation of  section  three  hundred
 eighty-five of this chapter and the rules of the department of transpor-
 tation of the city of New York through the installation and operation of
 weigh in motion violation monitoring systems, in accordance with article
 ten  of  this  chapter;  or to comply with bus operation-related traffic
 regulations as  defined  by  article  twenty-four  of  this  chapter  in
 violation  of  the rules of the department of transportation of the city
 of New York through the installation and operation of bus  operation-re-
 lated  photo  devices,  in  accordance  with article twenty-four of this
 chapter; OR TO COMPLY WITH TRAFFIC  CONTROL  INDICATORS  AS  DEFINED  BY
 ARTICLE  TWENTY-FOUR OF THIS CHAPTER THROUGH THE INSTALLATION AND OPERA-
 TION OF TRAFFIC CONTROL INDICATOR  PHOTO  DEVICES,  IN  ACCORDANCE  WITH
 ARTICLE  TWENTY-FOUR  OF  THIS  CHAPTER,  contests  such allegation, the
 bureau shall advise such person personally by such form of  first  class
 mail  as  the  director may direct of the date on which [he or she] SUCH
 PERSON must appear to answer the charge  at  a  hearing.  The  form  and
 content  of  such notice of hearing shall be prescribed by the director,
 and shall contain a warning to advise the person so pleading or contest-
 ing that failure to appear on the date designated, or on any  subsequent
 adjourned  date,  shall  be deemed an admission of liability, and that a
 default judgment may be entered thereon.
   1-a. Fines and penalties. Whenever a  plea  of  not  guilty  has  been
 entered, or the bureau has been notified that an allegation of liability
 in  accordance with provisions of law specifically authorizing the impo-
 sition of monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an
 operator  thereof:  to  comply  with  traffic-control   indications   in
 violation  of  subdivision  (d) of section eleven hundred eleven of this
 chapter through the installation and operation of traffic-control signal
 photo violation-monitoring systems, in accordance with  article  twenty-
 four  of  this  chapter;  or to comply with certain posted maximum speed
 limits in violation of subdivision (b), (c), (d), (f) or (g) of  section
 eleven hundred eighty of this chapter through the installation and oper-
 ation  of  photo  speed violation monitoring systems, in accordance with
 article thirty of this chapter; or to comply with bus lane  restrictions
 as  defined by article twenty-four of this chapter through the installa-
 tion and operation of bus lane photo devices, in accordance with article
 A. 5440                            11
 
 twenty-four of this chapter; or to comply  with  toll  collection  regu-
 lations of certain public authorities through the installation and oper-
 ation  of photo-monitoring systems, in accordance with the provisions of
 section  two thousand nine hundred eighty-five of the public authorities
 law and sections sixteen-a, sixteen-b and  sixteen-c  of  chapter  seven
 hundred  seventy-four  of the laws of nineteen hundred fifty; or to stop
 for a school bus displaying a red visual signal in violation of  section
 eleven hundred seventy-four of this chapter through the installation and
 operation  of  school bus photo violation monitoring systems, in accord-
 ance with article twenty-nine of this chapter; or to comply with certain
 posted maximum speed limits in violation of subdivision (b), (d), (f) or
 (g) of section eleven hundred eighty of this chapter  within  a  highway
 construction or maintenance work area through the installation and oper-
 ation  of  photo  speed violation monitoring systems, in accordance with
 article thirty of this chapter; or to comply with gross  vehicle  weight
 and/or  axle  weight  restrictions in violation of section three hundred
 eighty-five of this chapter and the rules of the department of transpor-
 tation of the city of New York through the installation and operation of
 weigh in motion violation monitoring systems, in accordance with article
 ten of this chapter; or to comply  with  bus  operation-related  traffic
 regulations  as  defined  by  article  twenty-four  of  this  chapter in
 violation of the rules of the department of transportation of  the  city
 of  New York through the installation and operation of bus operation-re-
 lated photo devices, in accordance  with  article  twenty-four  of  this
 chapter;  OR  TO  COMPLY  WITH  TRAFFIC CONTROL INDICATORS AS DEFINED BY
 ARTICLE TWENTY-FOUR OF THIS CHAPTER THROUGH THE INSTALLATION AND  OPERA-
 TION  OF  TRAFFIC  CONTROL  INDICATOR  PHOTO DEVICES, IN ACCORDANCE WITH
 ARTICLE TWENTY-FOUR OF THIS CHAPTER, is being contested, by a person  in
 a  timely  fashion  and a hearing upon the merits has been demanded, but
 has not yet been held, the bureau shall not issue any notice of fine  or
 penalty to that person prior to the date of the hearing.
   In a city having a population of one million or more, at every hearing
 for the adjudication of a notice of liability, as provided by this arti-
 cle,  there shall be a rebuttable presumption that the owner of a first-
 response emergency vehicle alleged to be liable in accordance  with  any
 provisions  of  law  specifically authorizing the imposition of monetary
 liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator  thereof:
 to  comply  with traffic-control indications in violation of subdivision
 (d) of section eleven hundred eleven of this chapter through the instal-
 lation and operation of traffic-control signal photo  violation-monitor-
 ing  systems, in accordance with article twenty-four of this chapter; or
 to comply with certain posted  maximum  speed  limits  in  violation  of
 subdivision  (b),  (c), (d), (f) or (g) of section eleven hundred eighty
 of this chapter through the installation and operation  of  photo  speed
 violation  monitoring systems, in accordance with article thirty of this
 chapter; or to comply with bus lane restrictions as defined  by  article
 twenty-four  of  this  chapter through the installation and operation of
 bus lane photo devices, in accordance with article twenty-four  of  this
 chapter;  or to comply with bus operation-related traffic regulations as
 defined by article twenty-four of this chapter in violation of the rules
 of the department of transportation of the city of New York through  the
 installation  and  operation  of bus operation-related photo devices, in
 accordance with article twenty-four of this chapter; OR TO  COMPLY  WITH
 TRAFFIC  CONTROL  INDICATORS  AS  DEFINED BY ARTICLE TWENTY-FOUR OF THIS
 CHAPTER THROUGH THE INSTALLATION AND OPERATION OF TRAFFIC CONTROL  INDI-
 CATOR  PHOTO  DEVICES,  IN  ACCORDANCE  WITH ARTICLE TWENTY-FOUR OF THIS
 A. 5440                            12
 
 CHAPTER is not liable for such alleged violation if such  owner  of  the
 first-response emergency vehicle provides the hearing officer with:
   § 6. Paragraphs a and g of subdivision 2 of section 240 of the vehicle
 and traffic law, as amended by section 6 of part MM of chapter 56 of the
 laws of 2023, are amended to read as follows:
   a. Every hearing for the adjudication of a charge of parking violation
 or an allegation of liability of an owner for a violation of subdivision
 (d) of section eleven hundred eleven of this chapter imposed pursuant to
 a  local  law or ordinance imposing monetary liability on the owner of a
 vehicle for failure of an operator thereof to comply  with  traffic-con-
 trol  indications through the installation and operation of traffic-con-
 trol signal photo violation-monitoring systems, in accordance with arti-
 cle twenty-four of this chapter, or an allegation  of  liability  of  an
 owner  for  a  violation  of  subdivision  (b),  (c), (d), (f) or (g) of
 section eleven hundred eighty of this  chapter  imposed  pursuant  to  a
 demonstration  program  imposing  monetary  liability  on the owner of a
 vehicle for failure of an operator thereof to comply with certain posted
 maximum speed limits through the installation  and  operation  of  photo
 speed violation monitoring systems, in accordance with article thirty of
 this  chapter, or an allegation of liability of an owner for a violation
 of bus lane restrictions as defined by article twenty-four of this chap-
 ter imposed pursuant to a bus rapid transit  program  imposing  monetary
 liability  on  the owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator thereof
 to comply with such bus lane restrictions through the  installation  and
 operation  of bus lane photo devices, in accordance with article twenty-
 four of this chapter, or an allegation of liability of an  owner  for  a
 violation  of  toll  collection  regulations  imposed  by certain public
 authorities pursuant to the law authorizing such public  authorities  to
 impose  monetary  liability  on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an
 operator thereof to comply with  toll  collection  regulations  of  such
 public authorities through the installation and operation of photo-moni-
 toring  systems,  in accordance with the provisions of section two thou-
 sand nine hundred eighty-five of the public authorities law and sections
 sixteen-a, sixteen-b and sixteen-c of chapter seven hundred seventy-four
 of the laws of nineteen hundred fifty, or an allegation of liability  of
 an  owner for a violation of section eleven hundred seventy-four of this
 chapter when meeting a school bus marked and  equipped  as  provided  in
 subdivisions  twenty  and twenty-one-c of section three hundred seventy-
 five of this chapter imposed pursuant to a local law or ordinance impos-
 ing monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an oper-
 ator thereof to comply with school bus red visual  signals  through  the
 installation  and  operation  of  school  bus photo violation monitoring
 systems, in accordance with article twenty-nine of this chapter,  or  an
 allegation  of liability of an owner for a violation of subdivision (b),
 (d), (f) or (g) of section eleven hundred eighty of this chapter imposed
 pursuant to a demonstration program imposing monetary liability  on  the
 owner  of  a  vehicle  for failure of an operator thereof to comply with
 certain posted maximum speed limits within  a  highway  construction  or
 maintenance  work  area  through the installation and operation of photo
 speed violation monitoring systems, in accordance with article thirty of
 this chapter, or an allegation of liability of an owner for a  violation
 of  section  three  hundred eighty-five of this chapter and the rules of
 the department of transportation of the city of New York in relation  to
 gross vehicle weight and/or axle weight violations imposed pursuant to a
 weigh in motion demonstration program imposing monetary liability on the
 owner  of  a  vehicle  for failure of an operator thereof to comply with
 A. 5440                            13

 such gross vehicle weight and/or axle weight  restrictions  through  the
 installation  and  operation  of  weigh  in  motion violation monitoring
 systems, in accordance with article ten of this chapter, or  an  allega-
 tion  of  liability of an owner for a violation of bus operation-related
 traffic regulations as defined by article twenty-four  of  this  chapter
 imposed  pursuant to a demonstration program imposing monetary liability
 on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator thereof  to  comply
 with  such bus operation-related traffic regulations through the instal-
 lation and operation of bus operation-related photo devices, in  accord-
 ance  with  article  twenty-four  of  this  chapter, OR AN ALLEGATION OF
 LIABILITY OF AN OWNER FOR A VIOLATION OF TRAFFIC CONTROL  INDICATORS  AS
 DEFINED  BY  ARTICLE  TWENTY-FOUR  OF THIS CHAPTER IMPOSED PURSUANT TO A
 PROGRAM IMPOSING MONETARY LIABILITY ON THE OWNER OF A VEHICLE FOR  FAIL-
 URE  OF  AN OPERATOR THEREOF TO COMPLY WITH SUCH TRAFFIC CONTROL INDICA-
 TORS THROUGH THE INSTALLATION AND OPERATION OF TRAFFIC CONTROL INDICATOR
 PHOTO DEVICES, IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE TWENTY-FOUR OF  THIS  CHAPTER,
 shall  be  held  before  a hearing examiner in accordance with rules and
 regulations promulgated by the bureau.
   g. A record shall be made of a hearing on a plea of not guilty or of a
 hearing at which liability in accordance  with  any  provisions  of  law
 specifically  authorizing  the  imposition  of monetary liability on the
 owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator thereof:  to  comply  with
 traffic-control  indications  in violation of subdivision (d) of section
 eleven hundred eleven of this chapter through the installation and oper-
 ation of traffic-control signal photo violation-monitoring  systems,  in
 accordance  with  article  twenty-four  of  this chapter; to comply with
 certain posted maximum speed limits in  violation  of  subdivision  (b),
 (c),  (d),  (f)  or (g) of section eleven hundred eighty of this chapter
 through the installation and operation of photo speed violation monitor-
 ing systems, in accordance with  article  thirty  of  this  chapter;  to
 comply  with  bus lane restrictions as defined by article twenty-four of
 this chapter through the installation and operation of  bus  lane  photo
 devices,  in  accordance  with  article  twenty-four of this chapter; to
 comply with toll collection regulations of  certain  public  authorities
 through  the  installation and operation of photo-monitoring systems, in
 accordance with the provisions of  section  two  thousand  nine  hundred
 eighty-five  of  the  public  authorities  law  and  sections sixteen-a,
 sixteen-b and sixteen-c of chapter seven  hundred  seventy-four  of  the
 laws  of  nineteen  hundred fifty; to stop for a school bus displaying a
 red visual signal in violation of section eleven hundred seventy-four of
 this chapter through the installation and operation of school bus  photo
 violation  monitoring systems, in accordance with article twenty-nine of
 this chapter; to comply with certain  posted  maximum  speed  limits  in
 violation  of subdivision (b), (d), (f) or (g) of section eleven hundred
 eighty of this chapter within a highway construction or maintenance work
 area through the installation and operation  of  photo  speed  violation
 monitoring  systems,  in accordance with article thirty of this chapter;
 to comply with gross vehicle weight and/or axle weight  restrictions  in
 violation  of  section three hundred eighty-five of this chapter and the
 rules of the department of  transportation  of  the  city  of  New  York
 through  the  installation  and  operation  of weigh in motion violation
 monitoring systems, in accordance with article ten of this  chapter;  or
 to  comply  with bus operation-related traffic regulations as defined by
 article twenty-four of this chapter in violation of  the  rules  of  the
 department of transportation of the city of New York through the instal-
 lation  and operation of bus operation-related photo devices, in accord-
 A. 5440                            14
 
 ance with article twenty-four of this chapter; OR TO COMPLY WITH TRAFFIC
 CONTROL INDICATORS AS DEFINED BY ARTICLE  TWENTY-FOUR  OF  THIS  CHAPTER
 THROUGH  THE  INSTALLATION  AND  OPERATION  OF TRAFFIC CONTROL INDICATOR
 PHOTO  DEVICES,  IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE TWENTY-FOUR OF THIS CHAPTER,
 is contested.   Recording devices may be used  for  the  making  of  the
 record.
   §  7.  Subdivisions  1 and 2 of section 241 of the vehicle and traffic
 law, as amended by section 7 of part MM of chapter 56  of  the  laws  of
 2023, are amended to read as follows:
   1.  The  hearing  examiner  shall make a determination on the charges,
 either sustaining or dismissing them. Where the hearing examiner  deter-
 mines that the charges have been sustained [he or she] SUCH EXAMINER may
 examine  either  the  prior  parking  violations record or the record of
 liabilities incurred in accordance with any provisions  of  law  specif-
 ically  authorizing the imposition of monetary liability on the owner of
 a vehicle for failure of an operator thereof: to  comply  with  traffic-
 control  indications  in  violation of subdivision (d) of section eleven
 hundred eleven of this chapter through the installation and operation of
 traffic-control signal photo violation-monitoring systems, in accordance
 with article twenty-four of this chapter; to comply with certain  posted
 maximum  speed  limits in violation of subdivision (b), (c), (d), (f) or
 (g) of section eleven hundred eighty of this chapter through the instal-
 lation and operation of photo speed  violation  monitoring  systems,  in
 accordance  with article thirty of this chapter; to comply with bus lane
 restrictions as defined by article twenty-four of this  chapter  through
 the  installation and operation of bus lane photo devices, in accordance
 with article twenty-four of this chapter; to comply with toll collection
 regulations of certain public authorities through the  installation  and
 operation of photo-monitoring systems, in accordance with the provisions
 of  section two thousand nine hundred eighty-five of the public authori-
 ties law and sections sixteen-a,  sixteen-b  and  sixteen-c  of  chapter
 seven  hundred  seventy-four  of  the laws of nineteen hundred fifty; to
 stop for a school bus displaying a red visual  signal  in  violation  of
 section  eleven hundred seventy-four of this chapter through the instal-
 lation and operation of school bus photo violation  monitoring  systems,
 in  accordance  with article twenty-nine of this chapter; to comply with
 certain posted maximum speed limits in  violation  of  subdivision  (b),
 (d),  (f) or (g) of section eleven hundred eighty of this chapter within
 a highway construction or maintenance work area through the installation
 and operation of photo speed violation monitoring systems, in accordance
 with article thirty of this chapter; to comply with gross vehicle weight
 and/or axle weight restrictions in violation of  section  three  hundred
 eighty-five of this chapter and the rules of the department of transpor-
 tation of the city of New York through the installation and operation of
 weigh in motion violation monitoring systems, in accordance with article
 ten  of  this chapter; [or] to comply with bus operation-related traffic
 regulations as  defined  by  article  twenty-four  of  this  chapter  in
 violation  of  the rules of the department of transportation of the city
 of New York through the installation and operation of bus  operation-re-
 lated  photo  devices,  in  accordance  with article twenty-four of this
 chapter; OR TO COMPLY WITH TRAFFIC  CONTROL  INDICATORS  AS  DEFINED  BY
 ARTICLE  TWENTY-FOUR OF THIS CHAPTER THROUGH THE INSTALLATION AND OPERA-
 TION OF TRAFFIC CONTROL INDICATOR  PHOTO  DEVICES,  IN  ACCORDANCE  WITH
 ARTICLE  TWENTY-FOUR OF THIS CHAPTER, of the person charged, as applica-
 ble prior to  rendering  a  final  determination.  Final  determinations
 sustaining  or  dismissing  charges shall be entered on a final determi-
 A. 5440                            15
 
 nation roll maintained by  the  bureau  together  with  records  showing
 payment and nonpayment of penalties.
   2.  Where  an operator or owner fails to enter a plea to a charge of a
 parking violation or contest an allegation of  liability  in  accordance
 with  any  provisions  of law specifically authorizing the imposition of
 monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an  operator
 thereof:  to  comply  with  traffic-control  indications in violation of
 subdivision (d) of section eleven hundred eleven of this chapter through
 the installation and operation of traffic-control  signal  photo  viola-
 tion-monitoring  systems, in accordance with article twenty-four of this
 chapter; to comply with certain posted maximum speed limits in violation
 of subdivision (b), (c), (d), (f)  or  (g)  of  section  eleven  hundred
 eighty  of  this chapter through the installation and operation of photo
 speed violation monitoring systems, in accordance with article thirty of
 this chapter; to comply with bus lane restrictions as defined by article
 twenty-four of this chapter through the installation  and  operation  of
 bus  lane  photo devices, in accordance with article twenty-four of this
 chapter; to comply with toll collection regulations  of  certain  public
 authorities  through  the installation and operation of photo-monitoring
 systems, in accordance with the provisions of section two thousand  nine
 hundred   eighty-five   of  the  public  authorities  law  and  sections
 sixteen-a, sixteen-b and sixteen-c of chapter seven hundred seventy-four
 of the laws of nineteen hundred fifty; to stop for a school bus display-
 ing a red visual signal in violation of section eleven hundred  seventy-
 four  of  this  chapter through the installation and operation of school
 bus photo violation monitoring systems, in accordance with article twen-
 ty-nine of this chapter; to comply with  certain  posted  maximum  speed
 limits in violation of subdivision (b), (d), (f) or (g) of section elev-
 en hundred eighty of this chapter within a highway construction or main-
 tenance  work area through the installation and operation of photo speed
 violation monitoring systems, in accordance with article thirty of  this
 chapter;  to  comply  with  gross  vehicle  weight  and/or  axle  weight
 restrictions in violation of section three hundred eighty-five  of  this
 chapter and the rules of the department of transportation of the city of
 New  York  through  the  installation  and  operation of weigh in motion
 violation monitoring systems, in accordance with  article  ten  of  this
 chapter;  [or]  to comply with bus operation-related traffic regulations
 as defined by article twenty-four of this chapter in  violation  of  the
 rules  of  the  department  of  transportation  of  the city of New York
 through the installation and operation of  bus  operation-related  photo
 devices,  in  accordance with article twenty-four of this chapter; OR TO
 COMPLY WITH TRAFFIC CONTROL INDICATORS AS DEFINED BY ARTICLE TWENTY-FOUR
 OF THIS CHAPTER  THROUGH  THE  INSTALLATION  AND  OPERATION  OF  TRAFFIC
 CONTROL  INDICATOR PHOTO DEVICES, IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE TWENTY-FOUR
 OF THIS CHAPTER, or fails to appear on  a  designated  hearing  date  or
 subsequent  adjourned  date  or fails after a hearing to comply with the
 determination of a hearing examiner, as prescribed by this article or by
 rule or regulation of the bureau, such  failure  to  plead  or  contest,
 appear  or  comply  shall  be  deemed, for all purposes, an admission of
 liability and shall be grounds for  rendering  and  entering  a  default
 judgment  in  an  amount  provided  by  the rules and regulations of the
 bureau. However, after the expiration of the  original  date  prescribed
 for  entering  a  plea and before a default judgment may be rendered, in
 such case the bureau shall pursuant to the applicable provisions of  law
 notify  such  operator or owner, by such form of first class mail as the
 commission may direct;  (1)  of  the  violation  charged,  or  liability
 A. 5440                            16
 
 alleged  in accordance with any provisions of law specifically authoriz-
 ing the imposition of monetary liability on the owner of a  vehicle  for
 failure  of  an  operator  thereof: to comply with traffic-control indi-
 cations in violation of subdivision (d) of section eleven hundred eleven
 of  this  chapter through the installation and operation of traffic-con-
 trol signal photo violation-monitoring systems, in accordance with arti-
 cle twenty-four of this chapter; to comply with certain  posted  maximum
 speed  limits  in  violation of subdivision (b), (c), (d), (f) or (g) of
 section eleven hundred eighty of this chapter through  the  installation
 and operation of photo speed violation monitoring systems, in accordance
 with   article   thirty  of  this  chapter;  to  comply  with  bus  lane
 restrictions as defined by article twenty-four of this  chapter  through
 the  installation and operation of bus lane photo devices, in accordance
 with article twenty-four of this chapter; to comply with toll collection
 regulations of certain public authorities through the  installation  and
 operation of photo-monitoring systems, in accordance with the provisions
 of  section two thousand nine hundred eighty-five of the public authori-
 ties law and sections sixteen-a,  sixteen-b  and  sixteen-c  of  chapter
 seven  hundred  seventy-four  of  the laws of nineteen hundred fifty; to
 stop for a school bus displaying a red visual  signal  in  violation  of
 section  eleven hundred seventy-four of this chapter through the instal-
 lation and operation of school bus photo violation  monitoring  systems,
 in  accordance  with article twenty-nine of this chapter; to comply with
 certain posted maximum speed limits in  violation  of  subdivision  (b),
 (d),  (f) or (g) of section eleven hundred eighty of this chapter within
 a highway construction or maintenance work area through the installation
 and operation of photo speed violation monitoring systems, in accordance
 with article thirty of this chapter; to comply with gross vehicle weight
 and/or axle weight restrictions in violation of  section  three  hundred
 eighty-five of this chapter and the rules of the department of transpor-
 tation of the city of New York through the installation and operation of
 weigh in motion violation monitoring systems, in accordance with article
 ten  of  this chapter; [or] to comply with bus operation-related traffic
 regulations as  defined  by  article  twenty-four  of  this  chapter  in
 violation  of  the rules of the department of transportation of the city
 of New York through the installation and operation of bus  operation-re-
 lated  photo  devices,  in  accordance  with article twenty-four of this
 chapter; OR TO COMPLY WITH TRAFFIC  CONTROL  INDICATORS  AS  DEFINED  BY
 ARTICLE  TWENTY-FOUR OF THIS CHAPTER THROUGH THE INSTALLATION AND OPERA-
 TION OF TRAFFIC CONTROL INDICATOR  PHOTO  DEVICES,  IN  ACCORDANCE  WITH
 ARTICLE  TWENTY-FOUR OF THIS CHAPTER, (2) of the impending default judg-
 ment, (3) that such judgment will be entered in the Civil Court  of  the
 city  in  which the bureau has been established, or other court of civil
 jurisdiction or any other place provided for the entry  of  civil  judg-
 ments  within  the  state  of  New  York,  and (4) that a default may be
 avoided by entering a plea or contesting an allegation of  liability  in
 accordance with any provisions of law specifically authorizing the impo-
 sition of monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an
 operator   thereof:   to  comply  with  traffic-control  indications  in
 violation of subdivision (d) of section eleven hundred  eleven  of  this
 chapter through the installation and operation of traffic-control signal
 photo  violation-monitoring  systems, in accordance with article twenty-
 four of this chapter; to comply with certain posted maximum speed limits
 in violation of subdivision (b), (c), (d), (f) or (g) of section  eleven
 hundred eighty of this chapter through the installation and operation of
 photo  speed  violation  monitoring  systems, in accordance with article
 A. 5440                            17
 
 thirty of this chapter; to comply with bus lane restrictions as  defined
 by  article  twenty-four  of  this  chapter through the installation and
 operation of bus lane photo devices, in accordance with article  twenty-
 four  of  this  chapter;  to  comply with toll collection regulations of
 certain public authorities through the  installation  and  operation  of
 photo-monitoring  systems,  in accordance with the provisions of section
 two thousand nine hundred eighty-five of the public authorities law  and
 sections  sixteen-a,  sixteen-b  and  sixteen-c of chapter seven hundred
 seventy-four of the laws of nineteen hundred fifty; to stop for a school
 bus displaying a red  visual  signal  in  violation  of  section  eleven
 hundred seventy-four of this chapter through the installation and opera-
 tion  of  school  bus  photo violation monitoring systems, in accordance
 with article twenty-nine of this chapter; to comply with certain  posted
 maximum speed limits in violation of subdivision (b), (d), (f) or (g) of
 section   eleven  hundred  eighty  of  this  chapter  within  a  highway
 construction or maintenance work area through the installation and oper-
 ation of photo speed violation monitoring systems,  in  accordance  with
 article  thirty  of  this  chapter;  to comply with gross vehicle weight
 and/or axle weight restrictions in violation of  section  three  hundred
 eighty-five of this chapter and the rules of the department of transpor-
 tation of the city of New York through the installation and operation of
 weigh in motion violation monitoring systems, in accordance with article
 ten  of  this chapter; [or] to comply with bus operation-related traffic
 regulations as  defined  by  article  twenty-four  of  this  chapter  in
 violation  of  the rules of the department of transportation of the city
 of New York through the installation and operation of bus  operation-re-
 lated  photo  devices,  in  accordance  with article twenty-four of this
 chapter; OR TO COMPLY WITH TRAFFIC  CONTROL  INDICATORS  AS  DEFINED  BY
 ARTICLE  TWENTY-FOUR OF THIS CHAPTER THROUGH THE INSTALLATION AND OPERA-
 TION OF TRAFFIC CONTROL INDICATOR  PHOTO  DEVICES,  IN  ACCORDANCE  WITH
 ARTICLE  TWENTY-FOUR  OF  THIS  CHAPTER;  or making an appearance within
 thirty days of the sending of such notice. Pleas entered and allegations
 contested within that period shall be in the manner  prescribed  in  the
 notice  and  not  subject  to  additional penalty or fee. Such notice of
 impending default judgment shall not be required prior to the  rendering
 and  entry  thereof in the case of operators or owners who are non-resi-
 dents of the state of New York. In no case shall a default  judgment  be
 rendered  or,  where required, a notice of impending default judgment be
 sent, more than two years after the expiration of  the  time  prescribed
 for  entering  a  plea  or contesting an allegation.   When a person has
 demanded a hearing, no fine or penalty shall be imposed for any  reason,
 prior  to the holding of the hearing. If the hearing examiner shall make
 a determination on the charges, sustaining them, [he or she] SUCH  EXAM-
 INER  shall  impose no greater penalty or fine than those upon which the
 person was originally charged.
   § 8. Subparagraph (i) of paragraph a of subdivision 5-a of section 401
 of the vehicle and traffic law, as amended by section 8 of  part  MM  of
 chapter 56 of the laws of 2023, is amended to read as follows:
   (i) If at the time of application for a registration or renewal there-
 of  there  is  a  certification from a court, parking violations bureau,
 traffic and parking violations  agency  or  administrative  tribunal  of
 appropriate  jurisdiction  that  the  registrant  or  [his or her] THEIR
 representative failed to appear on the return  date  or  any  subsequent
 adjourned  date or failed to comply with the rules and regulations of an
 administrative tribunal following entry of a final decision in  response
 to a total of three or more summonses or other process in the aggregate,
 A. 5440                            18
 
 issued  within  an eighteen month period, charging either that: (i) such
 motor vehicle was parked, stopped or standing, or that such motor  vehi-
 cle  was operated for hire by the registrant or [his or her] THEIR agent
 without  being  licensed  as a motor vehicle for hire by the appropriate
 local authority, in violation of any of the provisions of  this  chapter
 or  of any law, ordinance, rule or regulation made by a local authority;
 or (ii) the registrant was liable for a violation of subdivision (d)  of
 section  eleven  hundred  eleven  of  this chapter imposed pursuant to a
 local law or ordinance imposing monetary liability on  the  owner  of  a
 vehicle  for  failure of an operator thereof to comply with traffic-con-
 trol indications through the installation and operation of  traffic-con-
 trol signal photo violation-monitoring systems, in accordance with arti-
 cle  twenty-four of this chapter; or (iii) the registrant was liable for
 a violation of subdivision (b), (c), (d), (f) or (g) of  section  eleven
 hundred  eighty  of  this  chapter  imposed  pursuant to a demonstration
 program imposing monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for  fail-
 ure  of  an  operator  thereof  to comply with such posted maximum speed
 limits through the installation and operation of photo  speed  violation
 monitoring  systems,  in accordance with article thirty of this chapter;
 or  (iv)  the  registrant  was  liable  for  a  violation  of  bus  lane
 restrictions  as  defined by article twenty-four of this chapter imposed
 pursuant to a bus rapid transit program imposing monetary  liability  on
 the owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator thereof to comply with
 such bus lane restrictions through the installation and operation of bus
 lane photo devices, in accordance with article twenty-four of this chap-
 ter;  or (v) the registrant was liable for a violation of section eleven
 hundred seventy-four of this chapter when meeting a  school  bus  marked
 and  equipped  as  provided  in  subdivisions twenty and twenty-one-c of
 section three hundred seventy-five of this chapter imposed pursuant to a
 local law or ordinance imposing monetary liability on  the  owner  of  a
 vehicle for failure of an operator thereof to comply with school bus red
 visual  signals  through  the  installation  and operation of school bus
 photo violation monitoring systems, in accordance with  article  twenty-
 nine  of this chapter; or (vi) the registrant was liable for a violation
 of section three hundred eighty-five of this chapter and  the  rules  of
 the  department of transportation of the city of New York in relation to
 gross vehicle weight and/or axle weight violations imposed pursuant to a
 weigh in motion demonstration program imposing monetary liability on the
 owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator  thereof  to  comply  with
 such  gross  vehicle  weight and/or axle weight restrictions through the
 installation and operation  of  weigh  in  motion  violation  monitoring
 systems,  in  accordance  with article ten of this chapter; or (vii) the
 registrant was liable for a violation of subdivision (b),  (d),  (f)  or
 (g) of section eleven hundred eighty of this chapter imposed pursuant to
 a  demonstration  program  imposing monetary liability on the owner of a
 vehicle for failure of an operator thereof to comply  with  such  posted
 maximum  speed  limits within a highway construction or maintenance work
 area through the installation and operation  of  photo  speed  violation
 monitoring   systems,   in   accordance  with  article  thirty  of  this
 chapter[,]; or (viii) the registrant was liable for a violation  of  bus
 operation-related  traffic regulations as defined by article twenty-four
 of this chapter imposed pursuant to  a  demonstration  program  imposing
 monetary  liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator
 thereof to comply with such bus  operation-related  traffic  regulations
 through  the  installation  and operation of bus operation-related photo
 devices, in accordance with article twenty-four of this  chapter[,];  OR
 A. 5440                            19
 
 (IX)  THE REGISTRANT WAS LIABLE FOR A VIOLATION OF TRAFFIC CONTROL INDI-
 CATORS AS DEFINED BY ARTICLE TWENTY-FOUR OF THIS CHAPTER IMPOSED  PURSU-
 ANT  TO  A PROGRAM IMPOSING MONETARY LIABILITY ON THE OWNER OF A VEHICLE
 FOR  FAILURE  OF AN OPERATOR THEREOF TO COMPLY WITH SUCH TRAFFIC CONTROL
 INDICATORS THROUGH THE INSTALLATION AND  OPERATION  OF  TRAFFIC  CONTROL
 INDICATOR  PHOTO DEVICES, IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE TWENTY-FOUR OF THIS
 CHAPTER, the commissioner or [his or her] THEIR  agent  shall  deny  the
 registration  or  renewal application until the applicant provides proof
 from the court, traffic and parking violations agency or  administrative
 tribunal  wherein  the  charges are pending that an appearance or answer
 has been made or in the case of an administrative tribunal that  [he  or
 she]  SUCH APPLICANT has complied with the rules and regulations of said
 tribunal following entry of a final decision. Where  an  application  is
 denied  pursuant  to this section, the commissioner may, in [his or her]
 THEIR discretion, deny a registration  or  renewal  application  to  any
 other person for the same vehicle and may deny a registration or renewal
 application  for  any  other motor vehicle registered in the name of the
 applicant where the commissioner has determined that  such  registrant's
 intent  has been to evade the purposes of this subdivision and where the
 commissioner has reasonable grounds to believe that such registration or
 renewal will have the effect of defeating the purposes of this  subdivi-
 sion.  Such  denial shall only remain in effect as long as the summonses
 remain unanswered, or in the case of  an  administrative  tribunal,  the
 registrant  fails  to  comply  with  the rules and regulations following
 entry of a final decision.
   § 9. Subdivision 1-a of section 1809 of the vehicle and  traffic  law,
 as amended by section 9 of part MM of chapter 56 of the laws of 2023, is
 amended to read as follows:
   1-a.  Notwithstanding  the  provisions  of  subdivision  one  of  this
 section, the provisions of subdivision one of  this  section  shall  not
 apply  to  an adjudication of liability of owners: (a) for violations of
 subdivision (d) of section eleven hundred eleven of this chapter imposed
 pursuant to a local law or ordinance imposing monetary liability on  the
 owner  of  a  vehicle  for failure of an operator thereof to comply with
 traffic-control indications through the installation  and  operation  of
 traffic-control signal photo violation-monitoring systems, in accordance
 with  article  twenty-four  of  this  chapter;  or (b) for violations of
 subdivision (b), (c), (d), (f) or (g) of section eleven  hundred  eighty
 of  this  chapter  imposed  pursuant to a demonstration program imposing
 monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an  operator
 thereof  to  comply  with  such  posted maximum speed limits through the
 installation and operation of photo speed violation monitoring  systems,
 in accordance with article thirty of this chapter; or (c) for violations
 of bus lane restrictions as defined by article twenty-four of this chap-
 ter  imposed  pursuant  to a bus rapid transit program imposing monetary
 liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an  operator  thereof
 to  comply  with such bus lane restrictions through the installation and
 operation of bus lane photo devices, in accordance with article  twenty-
 four  of  this  chapter;  or (d) for violations of toll collection regu-
 lations imposed by  certain  public  authorities  pursuant  to  the  law
 authorizing  such public authorities to impose monetary liability on the
 owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator  thereof  to  comply  with
 toll  collection  regulations  of  such  public  authorities through the
 installation and operation of photo-monitoring  systems,  in  accordance
 with  the provisions of section two thousand nine hundred eighty-five of
 the  public  authorities  law  and  sections  sixteen-a,  sixteen-b  and
 A. 5440                            20
 
 sixteen-c  of chapter seven hundred seventy-four of the laws of nineteen
 hundred fifty; or (e) for violations of section eleven hundred  seventy-
 four  of  this  chapter when meeting a school bus marked and equipped as
 provided  in  subdivisions  twenty  and  twenty-one-c  of  section three
 hundred seventy-five of this chapter imposed pursuant to a local law  or
 ordinance  imposing  monetary  liability  on  the owner of a vehicle for
 failure of an operator thereof to comply  with  school  bus  red  visual
 signals  through  the  installation  and  operation  of school bus photo
 violation monitoring systems, in accordance with article twenty-nine  of
 this chapter; or (f) for violations of section three hundred eighty-five
 of this chapter and the rules of the department of transportation of the
 city  of New York in relation to gross vehicle weight and/or axle weight
 violations imposed pursuant to a weigh in motion  demonstration  program
 imposing  monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an
 operator thereof to comply with such gross vehicle  weight  and/or  axle
 weight  restrictions  through the installation and operation of weigh in
 motion violation monitoring systems, in accordance with article  ten  of
 this  chapter; or (g) for violations of subdivision (b), (d), (f) or (g)
 of section eleven hundred eighty of this chapter imposed pursuant  to  a
 demonstration  program  imposing  monetary  liability  on the owner of a
 vehicle for failure of an operator thereof to comply  with  such  posted
 maximum  speed  limits within a highway construction or maintenance work
 area through the installation and operation  of  photo  speed  violation
 monitoring  systems,  in accordance with article thirty of this chapter;
 or (h) for violations of bus operation-related  traffic  regulations  as
 defined  by  article  twenty-four  of this chapter imposed pursuant to a
 demonstration program imposing monetary liability  on  the  owner  of  a
 vehicle for failure of an operator thereof to comply with such bus oper-
 ation-related traffic regulations through the installation and operation
 of bus operation-related photo devices, in accordance with article twen-
 ty-four  of this chapter; OR (I) FOR VIOLATIONS OF TRAFFIC CONTROL INDI-
 CATORS AS DEFINED BY ARTICLE TWENTY-FOUR OF THIS CHAPTER IMPOSED  PURSU-
 ANT  TO  A PROGRAM IMPOSING MONETARY LIABILITY ON THE OWNER OF A VEHICLE
 FOR FAILURE OF AN OPERATOR THEREOF TO COMPLY WITH SUCH  TRAFFIC  CONTROL
 INDICATORS  THROUGH  THE  INSTALLATION  AND OPERATION OF TRAFFIC CONTROL
 INDICATOR PHOTO DEVICES, IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE TWENTY-FOUR OF  THIS
 CHAPTER.
   §  10. Subdivision 1 of section 1809-a of the vehicle and traffic law,
 as amended by section 10 of part MM of chapter 56 of the laws  of  2023,
 is amended to read as follows:
   1. The provisions of any other general or special law notwithstanding,
 whenever,  in a city having a population of one hundred thousand or more
 according  to  the  nineteen  hundred  eighty  United   States   census,
 proceedings in an administrative tribunal or a court result in a finding
 of liability, or conviction for the violation of any statute, local law,
 ordinance or rule involving the parking, stopping or standing of a motor
 vehicle,  except  (A)  an  adjudication  of  liability of an owner for a
 violation of bus operation-related traffic  regulations  as  defined  by
 article  twenty-four of this chapter imposed pursuant to a demonstration
 program imposing monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for  fail-
 ure  of  an  operator  thereof to comply with such bus operation-related
 traffic regulations through the installation and operation of bus opera-
 tion-related photo devices, in accordance with  article  twenty-four  of
 this  chapter,  OR  (B)  AN  ADJUDICATION OF LIABILITY OF AN OWNER FOR A
 VIOLATION OF TRAFFIC CONTROL INDICATORS AS DEFINED  BY  ARTICLE  TWENTY-
 FOUR  OF  THIS  CHAPTER  IMPOSED PURSUANT TO A PROGRAM IMPOSING MONETARY
 A. 5440                            21
 
 LIABILITY ON THE OWNER OF A VEHICLE FOR FAILURE OF AN  OPERATOR  THEREOF
 TO  COMPLY WITH SUCH TRAFFIC CONTROL INDICATORS THROUGH THE INSTALLATION
 AND OPERATION OF TRAFFIC CONTROL INDICATOR PHOTO DEVICES, IN  ACCORDANCE
 WITH ARTICLE TWENTY-FOUR OF THIS CHAPTER, there shall be levied a manda-
 tory surcharge in addition to any other sentence, fine or penalty other-
 wise  permitted  or  required,  in  the  amount of fifteen dollars. Such
 surcharge shall not be deemed a monetary penalty  for  the  purposes  of
 section  two  hundred  thirty-seven of this chapter or section 19-203 of
 the administrative code of the city of New York.
   § 11. Subdivision 1 of section 1809-aa of the vehicle and traffic law,
 as amended by section 11 of part MM of chapter 56 of the laws  of  2023,
 is amended to read as follows:
   1. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, whenever proceedings in
 an  administrative  tribunal  or  court  result  in  a  conviction for a
 violation of section  twelve  hundred,  twelve  hundred  one  or  twelve
 hundred  two of this chapter, except (A) an adjudication of liability of
 an owner for a violation of bus operation-related traffic regulations as
 defined by article twenty-four of this chapter  imposed  pursuant  to  a
 demonstration  program  imposing  monetary  liability  on the owner of a
 vehicle for failure of an operator thereof to comply with such bus oper-
 ation-related traffic regulations through the installation and operation
 of bus operation-related photo devices, in accordance with article twen-
 ty-four of this chapter, OR (B) AN ADJUDICATION OF LIABILITY OF AN OWNER
 FOR A VIOLATION OF TRAFFIC CONTROL  INDICATORS  AS  DEFINED  BY  ARTICLE
 TWENTY-FOUR OF THIS CHAPTER IMPOSED PURSUANT TO A PROGRAM IMPOSING MONE-
 TARY  LIABILITY  ON  THE  OWNER  OF A VEHICLE FOR FAILURE OF AN OPERATOR
 THEREOF TO COMPLY WITH  SUCH  TRAFFIC  CONTROL  INDICATORS  THROUGH  THE
 INSTALLATION  AND  OPERATION OF TRAFFIC CONTROL INDICATOR PHOTO DEVICES,
 IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE TWENTY-FOUR OF THIS CHAPTER, there  shall  be
 levied  a mandatory surcharge in addition to any other sentence, fine or
 penalty otherwise permitted or required, in the  amount  of  twenty-five
 dollars.
   §  12.  Paragraph  a of subdivision 1 of section 1809-e of the vehicle
 and traffic law, as amended by section 12 of part MM of  chapter  56  of
 the laws of 2023, is amended to read as follows:
   a. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, whenever proceedings in
 a  court  or  an  administrative  tribunal  of  this  state  result in a
 conviction for an offense under this chapter, except a conviction pursu-
 ant to section eleven hundred ninety-two of this chapter, or for a traf-
 fic infraction under this chapter, or a local law,  ordinance,  rule  or
 regulation  adopted  pursuant  to  this  chapter,  except: (i) a traffic
 infraction involving standing, stopping, or  parking  or  violations  by
 pedestrians  or  bicyclists; and (ii) an adjudication of liability of an
 owner for a violation of subdivision (d) of section eleven hundred elev-
 en of this chapter imposed pursuant to a local law or ordinance imposing
 monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an  operator
 thereof to comply with traffic-control indications through the installa-
 tion  and operation of traffic-control signal photo violation-monitoring
 systems, in accordance with article twenty-four  of  this  chapter;  and
 (iii) an adjudication of liability of an owner for a violation of subdi-
 vision  (b),  (c),  (d),  (f) or (g) of section eleven hundred eighty of
 this chapter imposed pursuant to a demonstration program imposing  mone-
 tary  liability  on  the  owner  of a vehicle for failure of an operator
 thereof to comply with such posted  maximum  speed  limits  through  the
 installation  and operation of photo speed violation monitoring systems,
 in accordance with article thirty of this chapter; and (iv)  an  adjudi-
 A. 5440                            22
 
 cation of liability of an owner for a violation of bus lane restrictions
 as  defined by article twenty-four of this chapter imposed pursuant to a
 bus rapid transit program imposing monetary liability on the owner of  a
 vehicle  for failure of an operator thereof to comply with such bus lane
 restrictions through the installation and operation of  bus  lane  photo
 devices, in accordance with article twenty-four of this chapter; and (v)
 an  adjudication  of  liability  of  an  owner  for  a violation of toll
 collection regulations imposed by certain public authorities pursuant to
 the law authorizing such public authorities to impose monetary liability
 on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator thereof  to  comply
 with  toll collection regulations of such public authorities through the
 installation and operation of photo-monitoring  systems,  in  accordance
 with section two thousand nine hundred eighty-five of the public author-
 ities  law  or  sections  sixteen-a,  sixteen-b and sixteen-c of chapter
 seven hundred seventy-four of the laws of nineteen  hundred  fifty;  and
 (vi) an adjudication of liability of an owner for a violation of section
 eleven  hundred  seventy-four  of this chapter when meeting a school bus
 marked and equipped as provided in subdivisions twenty and  twenty-one-c
 of  section  three hundred seventy-five of this chapter imposed pursuant
 to a local law or ordinance imposing monetary liability on the owner  of
 a  vehicle  for failure of an operator thereof to comply with school bus
 red visual signals through the installation and operation of school  bus
 photo  violation  monitoring systems, in accordance with article twenty-
 nine of this chapter; and (vii) an adjudication of liability of an owner
 for a violation of section three hundred eighty-five of this chapter and
 the rules of the department of transportation of the city of New York in
 relation to gross vehicle weight and/or axle weight  violations  imposed
 pursuant  to  a  weigh in motion demonstration program imposing monetary
 liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an  operator  thereof
 to comply with such gross vehicle weight and/or axle weight restrictions
 through  the  installation  and  operation  of weigh in motion violation
 monitoring systems, in accordance with article ten of this chapter;  and
 (viii)  an  adjudication  of  liability  of  an owner for a violation of
 subdivision (b), (d), (f) or (g) of section  eleven  hundred  eighty  of
 this  chapter imposed pursuant to a demonstration program imposing mone-
 tary liability on the owner of a vehicle  for  failure  of  an  operator
 thereof to comply with such posted maximum speed limits within a highway
 construction or maintenance work area through the installation and oper-
 ation  of  photo  speed violation monitoring systems, in accordance with
 article thirty of this chapter; and (ix) an adjudication of liability of
 an owner for a violation of bus operation-related traffic regulations as
 defined by article twenty-four of this chapter  imposed  pursuant  to  a
 demonstration  program  imposing  monetary  liability  on the owner of a
 vehicle for failure of an operator thereof to comply with such bus oper-
 ation-related traffic regulations through the installation and operation
 of bus operation-related photo devices, in accordance with article twen-
 ty-four of this chapter; AND (X) AN  ADJUDICATION  OF  LIABILITY  OF  AN
 OWNER  FOR A VIOLATION OF TRAFFIC CONTROL INDICATORS AS DEFINED BY ARTI-
 CLE TWENTY-FOUR OF THIS CHAPTER IMPOSED PURSUANT TO A  PROGRAM  IMPOSING
 MONETARY  LIABILITY ON THE OWNER OF A VEHICLE FOR FAILURE OF AN OPERATOR
 THEREOF TO COMPLY WITH  SUCH  TRAFFIC  CONTROL  INDICATORS  THROUGH  THE
 INSTALLATION  AND  OPERATION OF TRAFFIC CONTROL INDICATOR PHOTO DEVICES,
 IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE TWENTY-FOUR OF THIS CHAPTER, there  shall  be
 levied  in addition to any sentence, penalty or other surcharge required
 or permitted by law, an additional surcharge of twenty-eight dollars.
 A. 5440                            23
 
   § 13. Subdivision 2 of section  87  of  the  public  officers  law  is
 amended by adding a new paragraph (v) to read as follows:
   (V)  ARE  PHOTOGRAPHS,  MICROPHOTOGRAPHS,  VIDEOTAPE OR OTHER RECORDED
 IMAGES PREPARED UNDER AUTHORITY OF SECTION ELEVEN  HUNDRED  ELEVEN-I  OF
 THE VEHICLE AND TRAFFIC LAW.
   §  14.  The purchase or lease of equipment for a demonstration program
 established pursuant to section 1111-i of the vehicle and  traffic  law,
 as  added by section one of this act, shall be subject to the provisions
 of section 103 of the general municipal law.
   § 15. This act shall take effect one year after it shall have become a
 law; provided, however, that sections one, thirteen and fourteen of this
 act shall expire six years after it shall have become a law,  when  upon
 such  date  the  provisions  of  such sections shall be deemed repealed;
 provided further, however, that:
   (a) the amendments to subdivision 1 of section 1809-a of  the  vehicle
 and  traffic  law  made  by section ten of this act shall not affect the
 repeal of such section and shall be deemed repealed therewith; and
   (b) effective immediately, the addition, amendment  and/or  repeal  of
 any  rule  or regulation necessary for the implementation of section one
 of this act on  its  effective  date  are  authorized  to  be  made  and
 completed on or before such effective date.