§ 1177. Limited binding and beneficial effect. (a) The agreement
authorized by this article binds and inures only to the benefit of New
York state and the other member states. No person, other than a member
state, is an intended beneficiary of the agreement. Any benefit to a
person other than a state is established by the laws of New York state
and the other member states and not by the terms of the agreement.

(b) Consistent with subdivision (a) of this section, no person shall
have any cause of action or defense under the agreement or by virtue of
New York state's approval of the agreement. No person may challenge, in
any action brought under any provision of law, any action or inaction by
any department, agency, or other instrumentality of New York state, or
any political subdivision of New York state on the ground that the
action or inaction is inconsistent with the agreement.

(c) No law of New York state, or the application thereof, may be
declared invalid as to any person or circumstance on the ground that the
provision or application is inconsistent with the agreement.