S T A T E   O F   N E W   Y O R K
 ________________________________________________________________________
 
                                   2206
 
                        2019-2020 Regular Sessions
 
                             I N  S E N A T E
 
                             January 23, 2019
                                ___________
 
 Introduced  by  Sen.  BAILEY -- read twice and ordered printed, and when
   printed to be committed to the Committee on Finance
 
 AN ACT to establish a commission on post-secondary  correctional  educa-
   tion;  and providing for the repeal of such provisions upon expiration
   thereof

   THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, REPRESENTED IN SENATE AND  ASSEM-
 BLY, DO ENACT AS FOLLOWS:
 
   Section 1. Legislative findings and intent. The legislature finds that
 the availability of post-secondary correctional education has the poten-
 tial to reduce recidivism, increase employment opportunities for inmates
 upon  release  and have a positive impact on prison safety and security.
 The legislature further finds that there is currently a lack  of  avail-
 able  post-secondary  educational  opportunities  for inmates in the New
 York state prison system.
   Studies have consistently found that the higher the level of education
 attained, the more likely a former inmate will be to obtain gainful  and
 stable  employment,  and  the less likely he or she will be to engage in
 future criminal activity. However, in 1994, federal tuition  assistance,
 in  the form of Pell Grants, for individuals incarcerated in federal and
 state correctional facilities was terminated with the enactment  of  the
 Violent  Crime  Control and Law Enforcement Act. Then, in 1995, New York
 prohibited inmates  from  accessing  state  funds  through  the  Tuition
 Assistance  Program  (TAP)  for  post-secondary  correctional education.
 According to a report published by the Correctional Association  of  New
 York  in  January,  2009,  entitled "Education From the Inside, Out: The
 Multiple Benefits of College Programs  in  Prison,"  only  four  out  of
 seventy  post-secondary  correctional  education  programs  continued to
 operate in New York following the termination of  TAP  availability  for
 inmates.
   According  to the Correctional Association of New York report, statis-
 tical evidence from several highly regarded  studies  demonstrates  that

  EXPLANATION--Matter in ITALICS (underscored) is new; matter in brackets
                       [ ] is old law to be omitted.
              

                                                            LBD05413-01-9

 S. 2206                             2
 
 college  programming  in  prison  is a highly effective tool in reducing
 recidivism. For example, the report cites a 1991 study released  by  New
 York's department of correctional services that found inmates who earned
 a  degree  while incarcerated had a 26.4 percent recidivism rate whereas
 44.6 percent of participants who did not earn a degree were returned  to
 custody.  The report cites another influential study, published in 2004,
 "Post-Secondary Correctional Education and Recidivism:  A  Meta-Analysis
 of Research Conducted 1990-1999," that found inmates who participated in
 post-secondary correctional education programs recidivated 22 percent of
 the  time  and those who did not participate had a recidivism rate of 41
 percent. Further, the New York state  commission  on  sentencing  reform
 recently  reported  that  post-secondary correctional education programs
 have been shown to reduce recidivism by up to  40%  and  the  commission
 recommended  that  more post-secondary educational opportunities be made
 available to inmates.
   The Correctional Association of New  York  report  also  asserts  that
 in-prison  college  programs  are  a  cost-effective method of improving
 public safety. The report states that "the cost differences in education
 versus incarceration in New York, plus the short- and long-term benefits
 of a better educated population, makes investment  in  higher  education
 for  incarcerated  individuals  and people in the community smart fiscal
 policy." The report cites one cost-benefit analysis that found the  cost
 to a state per crime prevented by offering education to inmates is about
 $1,600  while the cost per crime prevented by extending prison sentences
 is $2,800. In other words, according to the study, a $1 million  invest-
 ment  in  incarceration  will  prevent about 350 crimes, while that same
 investment in education will prevent more than 600 crimes  meaning  that
 correctional  education  may be almost twice as cost effective as incar-
 ceration.
   In addition, research suggests that post-secondary programs in  prison
 can  provide  inmates  with  an  incentive for good behavior and greatly
 enhance an inmate's problem-solving skills thereby reducing tension  and
 violent  interactions  between  inmates  and  staff  and  among inmates.
 Reportedly, inmates who attend post-secondary  educational  classes  are
 among  the  best-behaved  of  the  inmate  population because there is a
 strong incentive to avoid conduct that could result in discipline and  a
 loss of credit for the college program.
   Despite  the  potential benefits of post-secondary correctional educa-
 tion programs, only a relatively  small  number  of  programs  currently
 operate  in  the  New  York  state prisons funded mostly through private
 sources, federal grants for youth offenders or through small legislative
 initiative grants.
   § 2. A temporary state commission, to be known as the New  York  state
 commission   on   post-secondary   correctional  education,  hereinafter
 referred to as the commission, is hereby created to  examine,  evaluate,
 and  make recommendations concerning the availability, effectiveness and
 need for expansion of post-secondary education in  the  New  York  state
 prison  system.  The  issues  to  be  considered by the commission shall
 include, but not be limited to, the following:
   a. the benefits of post-secondary correctional education in  improving
 public safety by reducing recidivism;
   b.  the impact of post-secondary correctional education on an inmate's
 employment opportunities upon release from prison;
   c. the impact of post-secondary correctional education on an  inmate's
 reintegration into society upon release from prison;

 S. 2206                             3
 
   d.  the  cost  savings, if any, associated with reduced recidivism and
 the successful reintegration of released inmates who  have  participated
 in post-secondary correctional education;
   e. the impact of post-secondary correctional education on prison safe-
 ty and security;
   f. the need, if any, to expand post-secondary correctional educational
 programs  in  the  New York state prison system and the costs associated
 with such an expansion; and
   g. recommendations for funding options, including but not  limited  to
 the  Tuition  Assistance Program, to increase that availability of post-
 secondary correctional education in the New York state prison system.
   § 3. The commission shall consist of fifteen members, to be  appointed
 as  follows:  four  members shall be appointed by the governor and shall
 include the commissioner of the department of correctional services, and
 one member each from the division of parole, the  division  of  criminal
 justice services and the New York state higher education services corpo-
 ration;  six members, with three appointments by the temporary president
 of the senate and three by the speaker of the assembly, shall be  repre-
 sentatives  of private providers of post-secondary education services in
 New York state prisons, criminal justice advocates, and academic profes-
 sionals; one member shall be appointed by the  minority  leader  of  the
 senate;  and one member shall be appointed by the minority leader of the
 assembly. The remaining members shall be the chancellor, or his  or  her
 designee,  of the city university of New York, the chancellor, or his or
 her designee, of the state university of New York and  the  commissioner
 of the state department of education. The commission shall be co-chaired
 by the commissioner of the state department of correctional services and
 the  commissioner  of the state department of education. The vice-chair-
 person of the commission shall be a representative of one of the private
 providers of post-secondary  education  services  as  appointed  by  the
 chairpersons.  Vacancies  in  the  membership of the commission shall be
 filled in the manner provided for original appointments.
   § 4. The members of the commission shall receive no  compensation  for
 their services, but shall be allowed their actual and necessary expenses
 incurred  in  the  performance of their duties hereunder. To the maximum
 extent feasible, the commission shall be entitled to request and receive
 and shall utilize and be provided with such facilities,  resources,  and
 data  of  any court, department, division, board, bureau, commission, or
 agency of the state or any political subdivision  thereof  as  it  deems
 necessary or desirable to carry out properly its powers and duties here-
 under.
   §  5.  For the accomplishment of its purposes, the commission shall be
 authorized and empowered to undertake any studies, inquiries, surveys or
 analyses it may deem relevant in cooperation with or by  agreement  with
 any  other  public or private agency. The commission shall meet and hold
 public hearings or private meetings within or  without  the  state,  and
 shall  have  all  the  powers of a legislative committee pursuant to the
 legislative law.
   § 6. The commission shall make a report of its findings, including any
 recommendations for legislative action as  it  may  deem  necessary  and
 appropriate, to the governor, the temporary president of the senate, the
 speaker  of  the  assembly,  the  chairperson of the senate committee on
 crime victims, crime and correction and the chairperson of the  assembly
 committee  on correction no later than one year after the effective date
 of this act.

 S. 2206                             4
 
   § 7. This act shall take effect immediately and shall  expire  and  be
 deemed  repealed  one  year after such effective date; provided that the
 appointment of members to the New York state commission  on  post-secon-
 dary correctional education shall be completed within sixty days of such
 effective date.