S T A T E   O F   N E W   Y O R K
 ________________________________________________________________________
 
                                   1858
 
                        2023-2024 Regular Sessions
 
                             I N  S E N A T E
 
                             January 17, 2023
                                ___________
 
 Introduced  by Sen. HOYLMAN-SIGAL -- read twice and ordered printed, and
   when printed to be committed to the Committee on Transportation
 
 AN ACT to amend the vehicle and traffic  law,  the  education  law,  the
   general  business  law, the insurance law, the military law, the penal
   law, the public authorities law, the public officers  law,  the  state
   finance law, and the transportation law, in relation to replacing each
   instance  of  the word accident with the word crash; and to change the
   word accident to crash in the vehicle and traffic law
 
   THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, REPRESENTED IN SENATE AND  ASSEM-
 BLY, DO ENACT AS FOLLOWS:
 
   Section  1.  Section 105-a of the vehicle and traffic law, as added by
 chapter 303 of the laws of 2014, is amended to read as follows:
   § 105-a. Car carrier. A truck that is designed to carry one  to  three
 motor  vehicles on a flat platform that slides or tilts to the ground to
 facilitate loading and unloading of such motor vehicles and  to  tow  an
 additional  motor  vehicle behind it by the use of a wheel lift. For the
 purposes of this chapter, whenever such car carrier tows  or  carries  a
 disabled, illegally parked or abandoned motor vehicle or a motor vehicle
 involved  in  [an accident] A CRASH, such car carrier shall be deemed to
 be a tow truck and shall comply with all provisions of this chapter, and
 any other law, ordinance, order, rule and regulation, applicable to  tow
 trucks.
   § 2. Section 107-b of the vehicle and traffic law, as added by chapter
 552 of the laws of 1994, is amended to read as follows:
   § 107-b. Commercial  towing. The moving or removing of disabled, ille-
 gally parked, or abandoned motor vehicles or motor vehicles involved  in
 [accidents] CRASHES, by another motor vehicle, for which there is direct
 or indirect compensation. Commercial towing shall also include towing by
 a  person,  firm, corporation, or other entity pursuant to a contract or
 other agreement with a political subdivision.
 
  EXPLANATION--Matter in ITALICS (underscored) is new; matter in brackets
                       [ ] is old law to be omitted.
                                                            LBD04017-01-3
 S. 1858                             2
              

 
   § 3. Section 114-b of the vehicle and traffic law, as amended by chap-
 ter 496 of the laws of 2021, is amended to read as follows:
   § 114-b. Emergency operation. The operation, or parking, of an author-
 ized  emergency  vehicle, when such vehicle is engaged in transporting a
 sick or injured person,  transporting  prisoners,  delivering  blood  or
 blood  products in a situation involving an imminent health risk, trans-
 porting human organs and/or medical personnel for the purpose  of  organ
 recovery  or transplantation in a situation involving an imminent health
 risk where undue delay would jeopardize such  recovery  or  transplanta-
 tion, pursuing an actual or suspected violator of the law, or responding
 to,  or  working  or  assisting  at  the scene of [an accident] A CRASH,
 disaster, police call, alarm of fire, actual  or  potential  release  of
 hazardous  materials  or  other emergency. Emergency operation shall not
 include returning from such service.
   § 4. Section 148-b of the vehicle and traffic law, as added by chapter
 552 of the laws of 1994, is amended to read as follows:
   § 148-b. Tow truck. A motor vehicle that tows or carries  a  disabled,
 illegally  parked or abandoned motor vehicle or a motor vehicle involved
 in [an accident] A CRASH.
   § 5. Subparagraph (i) of paragraph (i) of subdivision 1 of section 201
 of the vehicle and traffic law, as amended by section 2  of  part  E  of
 chapter 60 of the laws of 2005, is amended to read as follows:
   (i)   any  [accident]  CRASH  reports  filed  with  the  commissioner,
 conviction certificates, police reports, complaints, satisfied  judgment
 records, closed suspension and revocation orders, hearing records, other
 than  audio  tape  recordings  of  hearings,  significant correspondence
 relating to any of the same, and any other record on file after  remain-
 ing  on  file  for  four  years  except  that  if the commissioner shall
 receive, during the last year of such  period  of  four  years,  written
 notice to retain one or more of such papers or documents, the same shall
 be  retained  for  another four years in addition to said period of four
 years. The provisions of this paragraph shall not apply to  certificates
 of  conviction filed with respect to convictions which affect sentencing
 or administrative action required by law beyond such four  year  period.
 Such  certificates  may  be destroyed after they have no legal effect on
 sentencing or administrative action;
   § 6. Subdivision 6 of section 201 of the vehicle and traffic  law,  as
 amended  by  chapter  432  of  the  laws  of 1997, is amended to read as
 follows:
   6. Whenever any document  referred  to  in  subdivision  one  of  this
 section  is  filed  with  this  department when it is not required to be
 filed and is used by this department for no other purposes,  other  than
 for  statistics  or research, the document shall not be a public record.
 Provided, however, that [an accident] A CRASH  report  filed  with  this
 department  when  it  is  not required to be filed shall not be a public
 record except as follows:  for use by the state or any political  subdi-
 vision  thereof  for  no  other  purposes  other  than for statistics or
 research relating to highway safety; for any lawful purpose by a  person
 to  whom  such  report  pertains  or named in such report, or his or her
 authorized representative; and, for use by any other person, or  his  or
 her  authorized representative, who has demonstrated to the satisfaction
 of the commissioner that such person is or may be a  party  to  a  civil
 action  arising  out  of  the conduct described in such [accident] CRASH
 report.
 S. 1858                             3
 
   § 7. Subdivision 3 of section 202 of the vehicle and traffic  law,  as
 amended  by  chapter  169  of  the  laws  of 1994, is amended to read as
 follows:
   3.  Fees  for  copies  of documents. The fees for copies of documents,
 other than [accident] CRASH reports, shall be one  dollar  per  page.  A
 page  shall  consist  of either a single or double side of any document.
 The fee for a copy of [an accident] A  CRASH  report  shall  be  fifteen
 dollars.  All  copies  of  documents shall be certified at no additional
 fee. Whenever search  of  records  of  the  department  is  required  in
 conjunction  with  a  request for a copy of a document, the fee for such
 search shall be the fee provided in paragraph (a) of subdivision two  of
 this  section.  The  result  of  such search will be the locating of the
 document to be copied, or if no document can be located, a certification
 to that effect will be the result of the search.
   § 8. Subdivision 1 of section 220 of the vehicle and traffic  law,  as
 added by chapter 574 of the laws of 1969, is amended to read as follows:
   (1)  Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter or other law,
 whether general, special or  local,  the  commissioner  may  permit  the
 installation  and  use  of  any  item  of  equipment  which  he,  in his
 discretion, determines will either reduce [accidents] CRASHES,  injuries
 and fatalities, or otherwise contribute to highway safety.
   §  9.  Paragraph  a of subdivision 4 of section 250 of the vehicle and
 traffic law, as amended by chapter 305 of the laws of 1995,  is  amended
 to read as follows:
   a.  The  provisions  of  this  chapter relative to the registration of
 motor vehicles, motorcycles and trailers and the display of registration
 numbers shall not apply to a motor vehicle, motorcycle or trailer  owned
 by  a  non-resident  of  the state who is a seasonal farm laborer, for a
 period extending from the first day of April to and including the  thir-
 tieth  day  of  November  in  each year, provided that the owner thereof
 shall have complied with the provisions of the law of the foreign  coun-
 try,  state,  territory or federal district of his residence relative to
 registration of such motor vehicle, motorcycle or trailer, as  the  case
 may  be,  and  the display of registration numbers thereof, and provided
 further that the owner thereof shall furnish proof to  the  commissioner
 that  such  owner  has  in  effect with respect to such motor vehicle an
 automobile liability policy issued by an insurance company authorized to
 do business in this state or by an unauthorized  insurer  authorized  to
 transact  business  in the jurisdiction of his residence in at least the
 amount of twenty-five thousand dollars because of bodily  injury  to  or
 fifty  thousand dollars because of death of one person in any one [acci-
 dent] CRASH and, subject to said limit for one person, in at  least  the
 amount  of  fifty  thousand  dollars  because of bodily injury to or one
 hundred thousand dollars because of death of two or more persons in  any
 [accident]  CRASH,  and  in  at least the amount of ten thousand dollars
 because of injury to or destruction of property of  others  in  any  one
 [accident] CRASH.
   §  10. Subdivision 1 of section 253 of the vehicle and traffic law, as
 amended by chapter 216 of the laws  of  1992,  is  amended  to  read  as
 follows:
   1.  The use or operation by a non-resident of a vehicle in this state,
 or the use or operation in this state of a vehicle in the business of  a
 non-resident,  or  the use or operation in this state of a vehicle owned
 by a non-resident if so used or operated with his permission, express or
 implied, shall be deemed equivalent to an appointment by such  non-resi-
 dent  of  the secretary of state to be his true and lawful attorney upon
 S. 1858                             4
 
 whom may be served the summons in any action against him, growing out of
 any [accident] CRASH or collision in  which  such  non-resident  may  be
 involved while using or operating such vehicle in this state or in which
 such  vehicle may be involved while being used or operated in this state
 in the business of such non-resident or with the permission, express  or
 implied,  of such non-resident owner; and such use or operation shall be
 deemed a signification of his agreement that any  such  summons  against
 him  which is so served shall be of the same legal force and validity as
 if served on him personally within the state and within the  territorial
 jurisdiction  of  the court from which the summons issues, and that such
 appointment of the secretary of state shall be irrevocable  and  binding
 upon  his  executor  or  administrator. Where such non-resident has died
 prior to the commencement of an action brought pursuant to this section,
 service of process shall be made on the  executor  or  administrator  of
 such  non-resident  in  the  same  manner  and  on the same notice as is
 provided in the case of the non-resident himself. Where  an  action  has
 been  duly commenced under the provisions of this section against a non-
 resident who dies thereafter, the court must  allow  the  action  to  be
 continued  against  his  executor or administrator upon motion with such
 notice as the court deems proper.
   § 11. Section 254 of the vehicle and traffic law, as amended by  chap-
 ter 418 of the laws of 1964, is amended to read as follows:
   § 254. Service  of  summons  on residents who depart from state and on
 residents' executors or  administrators  who  are  nonresidents  or  who
 depart from state.  The provisions of section two hundred fifty-three of
 this  chapter  shall  also  apply (a) to a resident who departs from the
 state subsequent to the [accident] CRASH or collision and remains absent
 therefrom for thirty days continuously, whether such absence is intended
 to be temporary or permanent, and to any executor  or  administrator  of
 such  resident, and (b) to an executor or administrator of a resident if
 such executor or administrator is a nonresident or if, being a resident,
 he departs from the state and remains absent therefrom for  thirty  days
 continuously, whether such absence is intended to be temporary or perma-
 nent.
   §  12. Section 301-a of the vehicle and traffic law, as added by chap-
 ter 634 of the laws of 1973, and subdivision 1 as amended by chapter 608
 of the laws of 1993, is amended to read as follows:
   § 301-a. Re-inspection of motor vehicles involved  in  certain  [acci-
 dents]  CRASHES.    1. The commissioner may require that a motor vehicle
 registered in this state or elsewhere which is required to be inspected,
 be re-inspected after it is involved in  a  property  damage  [accident]
 CRASH  which is required to be reported to the motor vehicle department.
 Such re-inspection shall be made within sixty days of the  date  of  the
 [accident] CRASH if the motor vehicle is driven away from the [accident]
 CRASH site. Such re-inspection shall be made before the vehicle is oper-
 ated on the public highways if the motor vehicle is towed or transported
 from the [accident] CRASH site, except that a motor vehicle may be driv-
 en  from a repair shop to an inspection station for the purpose of being
 re-inspected.
   2. The owner of a car so damaged shall be required to  submit  to  the
 department  within the same time limit as provided in subdivision one of
 this section satisfactory proof of re-inspection pursuant to  rules  and
 regulations to be promulgated by the commissioner.
   3.  Failure  to  submit such proof of re-inspection as herein provided
 shall constitute ground for suspension or revocation of  his  privileges
 S. 1858                             5
 
 of  operating  a motor vehicle in this state and of the operation within
 this state of any motor vehicle owned by him.
   §  13.  Subdivision 2 of section 310 of the vehicle and traffic law is
 amended to read as follows:
   (2) Declaration of purpose. The  legislature  is  concerned  over  the
 rising  toll  of motor vehicle [accidents] CRASHES and the suffering and
 loss thereby inflicted. The legislature determines that it is  a  matter
 of  grave concern that motorists shall be financially able to respond in
 damages for their negligent acts, so  that  innocent  victims  of  motor
 vehicle [accidents] CRASHES may be recompensed for the injury and finan-
 cial  loss inflicted upon them.  The legislature finds and declares that
 the public interest can best  be  served  in  satisfying  the  insurance
 requirements  of  this  article  by  private  enterprise  operating in a
 competitive market to provide proof of financial  security  through  the
 methods prescribed herein.
   § 14. Paragraph (a) of subdivision 4 of section 311 of the vehicle and
 traffic  law,  as amended by chapter 305 of the laws of 1995, is amended
 to read as follows:
   (a) Affording coverage as defined in the minimum provisions prescribed
 in a regulation which shall be  promulgated  by  the  superintendent  at
 least  ninety  days prior to effective date of this act. The superinten-
 dent before promulgating such  regulations  or  any  amendment  thereof,
 shall  consult  with all insurers licensed to write automobile liability
 insurance in this state and shall not prescribe minimum provisions which
 fail to reflect the provisions of automobile liability  insurance  poli-
 cies,  other than motor vehicle liability policies as defined in section
 three hundred forty-five of this chapter, issued within  this  state  at
 the  date of such regulation or amendment thereof.  Nothing contained in
 such regulation or in this  article  shall  prohibit  any  insurer  from
 affording  coverage  under an owner's policy of liability insurance more
 liberal than that required by  said  minimum  provisions.    Every  such
 owner's policy of liability insurance shall provide insurance subject to
 said  regulation  against  loss  from  the  liability imposed by law for
 damages, including damages for care and loss  of  services,  because  of
 bodily  injury to or death of any person and injury to or destruction of
 property arising out of the ownership, maintenance, use, or operation of
 a specific motor vehicle or motor vehicles within the state of New York,
 or elsewhere in the United States in North America or  the  Dominion  of
 Canada,  subject  to  a  limit,  exclusive  of  interest and costs, with
 respect to each such motor vehicle except a tow  truck,  of  twenty-five
 thousand  dollars  because  of  bodily  injuries  to  and fifty thousand
 dollars because of death of one person in any one [accident] CRASH  and,
 subject  to  said  limit  for  one  person, to a limit of fifty thousand
 dollars because of bodily injury to and  one  hundred  thousand  dollars
 because of death of two or more persons in any one [accident] CRASH, and
 to  a  limit of ten thousand dollars because of injury to or destruction
 of property of others in any one  [accident]  CRASH  provided,  however,
 that such policy need not be for a period coterminous with the registra-
 tion period of the vehicle insured. The limit, exclusive of interest and
 costs,  with  respect to a tow truck shall be a combined single limit of
 at least three hundred thousand dollars  because  of  bodily  injury  or
 death  to  one  or  more  persons or because of injury or destruction of
 property of others in any one [accident] CRASH, and to a limit of  twen-
 ty-five  thousand  dollars  because  of damage to a vehicle in the care,
 custody and control of the insured. Any insurer authorized to  issue  an
 owner's  policy  of  liability insurance as provided for in this article
 S. 1858                             6
 
 may, pending the issue of such a policy, make an agreement, to be  known
 as  a binder, or may, in lieu of such a policy, issue a renewal endorse-
 ment or evidence of renewal of an existing policy; each of  which  shall
 be  construed  to  provide indemnity or protection in like manner and to
 the same extent as such a policy. The provisions of this  article  shall
 apply  to  such  binders,  renewal endorsements or evidences of renewal.
 Every such policy issued insuring private passenger vehicles  and  every
 renewal policy, renewal endorsement, or other evidence of renewal issued
 shall  have  attached  thereto  a  rating information form which clearly
 specifies  and  defines  the  rating  classification  assigned  thereto,
 including any applicable merit rating plan; and
   §  15.  Subdivision 1 of section 315 of the vehicle and traffic law is
 amended to read as follows:
   1. The commissioner, upon the surrender of the registration and number
 plates for a motor vehicle for which a financial security bond or depos-
 it was accepted by the commissioner, shall permit  the  cancellation  of
 any  such  bond or shall direct that any such deposit be returned by the
 commissioner of taxation and finance. The commissioner shall not release
 such bond or deposit in the event any action for damages upon a  liabil-
 ity referred to in this article is then pending or any judgment upon any
 such  liability  then  outstanding  and unsatisfied, or in the event the
 commissioner has received notice that such person has within the  period
 of  three  months immediately preceding been involved as a driver in any
 motor vehicle [accident] CRASH.  An affidavit of the applicant  of  non-
 existence  of  such  facts  shall  be sufficient evidence thereof in the
 absence of evidence to the contrary in the records of the bureau.
   § 16. Section 316 of the vehicle and traffic law, the  third  undesig-
 nated  paragraph  as amended by chapter 511 of the laws of 1999, and the
 fourth undesignated paragraph as added by chapter 316  of  the  laws  of
 1972, is amended to read as follows:
   § 316. Self-insurers.  The  commissioner,  in his discretion, may upon
 the application of a person having registered in his name in this  state
 more  than twenty-five motor vehicles, issue a certificate of self-insu-
 rance when he is reasonably satisfied that such person is possessed  and
 will  continue  to be possessed of financial ability to respond to judg-
 ments obtained against such person, arising out of the ownership,  main-
 tenance,  use or operation of any such person's motor vehicles. Upon due
 notice and hearing, the commissioner may, in  his  discretion  and  upon
 reasonable grounds, cancel a certificate of self-insurance.
   As a condition to the issuance of a certificate of self-insurance, the
 registrant shall pay annually in addition to any other fee prescribed by
 this chapter, a fee of one dollar and fifty cents for each motor vehicle
 registered  in  his  name and the aggregate amount of such fees shall be
 applied in reduction of the assessment levied pursuant to section  three
 hundred seventeen OF THIS ARTICLE.
   As  a further condition to the issuance of a certificate of self-insu-
 rance, the registrant shall pay annually in addition to  any  other  fee
 prescribed  by  this  chapter, an amount per vehicle to be determined by
 the Motor Vehicle [Accident] CRASH Indemnification Corporation  pursuant
 to section five thousand two hundred seven of the insurance law for each
 motor  vehicle  registered  in his name and the aggregate amount of such
 fees shall be transmitted by  the  commissioner  to  the  Motor  Vehicle
 [Accident]  CRASH  Indemnification  Corporation  continued  pursuant  to
 section five thousand two hundred three  of  the  insurance  law  to  be
 applied  in reduction of assessments levied by said corporation pursuant
 to section five thousand two hundred seven of the insurance law.
 S. 1858                             7
 
   Notwithstanding the provisions of any other section, for the  purposes
 of this section, the term "motor vehicle" shall include "snowmobiles" as
 defined  by subdivision [six of § 8-0105 of the conservation law] ONE OF
 SECTION TWENTY-TWO HUNDRED TWENTY-ONE OF THIS CHAPTER.
   §  17. Subdivision 9 of section 318 of the vehicle and traffic law, as
 amended by chapter 1025 of the laws of  1971,  is  amended  to  read  as
 follows:
   9.  (a) If a motor vehicle has been involved in [an accident] A CRASH,
 and its registration or the driver's license of its operator,  or  both,
 have  been  revoked  pursuant to this section, then neither such vehicle
 nor any other motor vehicle shall be registered or reregistered  in  the
 name  of  its  owner  or of any other person legally responsible for its
 use, nor shall any driver's license be issued to such owner,  person  or
 operator  until  one  year  has passed since the date of such revocation
 and, as the case may be, the commissioner has received the payments  and
 evidence required by paragraph (c) [below] OF THIS SUBDIVISION.
   (b) If a motor vehicle not registered in this state is involved in [an
 accident] A CRASH in this state and the privilege of its operation with-
 in  this  state  has  been  revoked,  then neither its owner, any person
 legally responsible for its use nor  its  operator  shall  exercise  the
 privilege  of  the  operation  of  such vehicle within this state or the
 privilege of operation within this state of any motor vehicle, until one
 year has passed since the date of revocation and, as the  case  may  be,
 the  commissioner  has received the payments and evidence as required in
 PARAGRAPH (c) [below] OF THIS SUBDIVISION.
   (c) The payments and evidence referred to in paragraphs  (a)  and  (b)
 [above]  OF  THIS  SUBDIVISION  shall  be  evidence, satisfactory to the
 commissioner,
   (1) That no cause of action based upon such [accident]  CRASH  against
 such  owner,  person  legally responsible or operator has been commenced
 within a period of one year from the date of the [accident] CRASH  or  a
 release thereof has been given to such owner, person or operator, or
   (2)  That  no judgment arising out of such cause of action for amounts
 within the limits stated in paragraph (a) of subdivision four of section
 three hundred eleven OF THIS ARTICLE against such owner, person or oper-
 ator remains unsatisfied, except that such  registration  and  licensing
 privileges  may be restored on compliance with the procedures permitting
 the payment of a judgment in  installments  provided  in  section  three
 hundred thirty-four OF THIS TITLE, and
   (3)  That  all  civil  penalties required to be paid to the department
 pursuant to the provisions of subdivision five of section three  hundred
 nineteen of this [chapter] ARTICLE have been paid.
   §  18.  Paragraph  (a) of subdivision 11 of section 318 of the vehicle
 and traffic law, as amended by chapter 735  of  the  laws  of  1970,  is
 amended to read as follows:
   (a) Where the license or privileges of any person, or the registration
 of a motor vehicle registered in his name, has been suspended or revoked
 under  THIS  article [six of this chapter], and the motor vehicle [acci-
 dent] CRASH indemnification corporation  or  an  insurer  has  paid  any
 amount  towards  satisfaction  of a judgment against such person, or has
 obtained a judgment against such person as a result of payments made  to
 third   parties  such  license,  privileges  or  registration  shall  be
 suspended, or the suspension or revocation thereof shall  be  continued,
 as provided in this subdivision.
   §  19.  Paragraphs (a) and (c) of subdivision 12 of section 318 of the
 vehicle and traffic law, paragraph (a) as amended by chapter 843 of  the
 S. 1858                             8
 
 laws of 1980, and paragraph (c) as amended by chapter 805 of the laws of
 1984, are amended to read as follows:
   (a) If the owner or operator of a motor vehicle in any manner involved
 in  [an  accident] A CRASH occurring in this state resulting in death or
 bodily injuries to any person fails to produce satisfactory evidence  as
 proof  of  financial  security within forty-eight hours after the [acci-
 dent] CRASH, the motor vehicle shall be subject to impoundment  and  any
 peace  officer,  acting  pursuant  to  his special duties, or any police
 officer is authorized to impound and store such motor vehicle.  If  said
 motor  vehicle  is  subject  to impoundment and is not so impounded, the
 owner or his representative shall cause said motor vehicle to be  stored
 in  a  public  garage  or storage place in this state as selected by the
 owner or representative and shall continue such storage for  the  period
 of  time  provided  in  this  section.  The aforementioned storage shall
 constitute "impoundment" within the meaning of this section. The cost of
 storage of any such impounded motor vehicle shall be borne by the owner.
 So long as the impoundment is  in  force  no  person  shall  remove  the
 impounded  vehicle or permit it to be removed from its place of impound-
 ment except upon the order of the commissioner.
   (c) The impoundment shall continue until (1) there is a final disposi-
 tion of the claim for death or bodily injury of  the  person,  resulting
 from  the  [accident] CRASH in which said motor vehicle was involved, by
 payment of a judgment or settlement by the owner, or by a final judgment
 in his favor, or (2) one year has elapsed since the date of  the  [acci-
 dent]  CRASH  and no filing has been made pursuant to section five thou-
 sand two hundred eight of the insurance law, or (3)  a  release  of  the
 motor vehicle upon order of the commissioner. The commissioner may order
 the  release  of said motor vehicle upon the depositing with the commis-
 sioner of taxation and finance of security or a bond in  such  form  and
 amount  as may be approved by the commissioner. If said motor vehicle is
 not released from impoundment after the lapse of one year,  the  commis-
 sioner  may dispose of it by public sale and remit the proceeds from the
 sale to the commissioner of taxation and finance to be held pending  the
 final disposition of the claim.
   § 20. Subdivision (d) of section 332 of the vehicle and traffic law is
 amended to read as follows:
   (d)  Any  person whose license, registration or non-resident's driving
 privilege is subject to suspension hereunder, may be relieved  from  the
 effect  of  failure  to satisfy such judgment, if such person files with
 the commissioner proper evidence that a  bond  or  insurance  policy  as
 provided  for in this article was in force and effect at the time of the
 [accident] CRASH resulting in the judgment, and was  available  for  the
 satisfaction of the judgment to the extent provided for in section three
 hundred  thirty-three  OF  THIS  ARTICLE  and  that such judgment was so
 satisfied.
   § 21. Section 333 of the vehicle and traffic law, as amended by  chap-
 ter 305 of the laws of 1995, is amended to read as follows:
   § 333. Payments  sufficient  to  satisfy requirements of this article.
 Every judgment herein referred to shall for the purpose of this  article
 only be deemed satisfied: (a) When twenty-five thousand dollars has been
 credited  upon  any  judgment  or  judgments  rendered in excess of that
 amount because of bodily injury to or when fifty  thousand  dollars  has
 been  credited upon any judgment or judgments rendered in excess of that
 amount because of death of one person as the result of  any  one  [acci-
 dent] CRASH; or
 S. 1858                             9
 
   (b) When subject to such limit of twenty-five thousand dollars because
 of  bodily  injury  to or fifty thousand dollars because of death of one
 person, the sum of fifty thousand dollars has  been  credited  upon  any
 judgment or judgments rendered in excess of that amount because of bodi-
 ly injury to or when one hundred thousand dollars has been credited upon
 any  judgment  or judgments rendered in excess of that amount because of
 death of two or more persons as the result of any one [accident]  CRASH;
 or
   (c)  When  ten thousand dollars has been credited upon any judgment or
 judgments rendered in excess of that amount  because  of  injury  to  or
 destruction  of  property  of  others  as a result of any one [accident]
 CRASH.
   Payments made in settlement of any claims because  of  bodily  injury,
 death  or  property damage arising from a motor vehicle [accident] CRASH
 shall be credited in reduction of  the  amounts  provided  for  in  this
 section.
   §  22.  Section 335 of the vehicle and traffic law, subdivision (a) as
 amended by chapter 305 of the laws of 1995, and paragraph 1 of  subdivi-
 sion  (a)  as  further amended by section 104 of part A of chapter 62 of
 the laws of 2011, is amended to read as follows:
   § 335. Security and proof required following [accident] CRASH. (a) Not
 less than ten days nor more than sixty days after receipt by him of  the
 report  or  notice of [an accident] A CRASH which has resulted in bodily
 injury or death, or in damage to the  property  of  any  one  person  in
 excess of one thousand dollars, the commissioner shall forthwith suspend
 the  license  of any person operating, and the registration certificates
 and registration plates of any person owning, a  motor  vehicle  in  any
 manner  involved in such [accident] CRASH unless and until such operator
 (or chauffeur) or owner or both shall have previously furnished or imme-
 diately furnishes security sufficient in the judgment of the commission-
 er to satisfy any judgment or judgments for damages resulting from  such
 [accident]  CRASH as may be recovered against such owner or operator (or
 chauffeur) by or on behalf of any aggrieved person or his  legal  repre-
 sentative, and unless and until such owner or operator (or chauffeur) or
 both  shall  immediately furnish and thereafter maintain proof of finan-
 cial responsibility in the  future.  Where  erroneous  information  with
 respect to insurance coverage of the owner or operator (or chauffeur) of
 any  such vehicle is furnished to the commissioner, he shall take appro-
 priate action as above provided within sixty days after the  receipt  by
 him  of  correct information with respect to such coverage. This section
 shall not apply: (1) to such owner or operator (or  chauffeur)  if  such
 owner had in effect at the time of such [accident] CRASH with respect to
 such  motor vehicle a standard provisions automobile liability policy in
 form approved by the superintendent of financial services and issued  by
 an insurance company authorized to do business in this state or, if such
 motor  vehicle  was  not registered in this state or was a motor vehicle
 which was registered elsewhere than in this state at the effective  date
 of the policy, or the most recent renewal thereof, an automobile liabil-
 ity  policy  acceptable  to  the superintendent of financial services as
 substantially the equivalent  of  such  standard  provisions  automobile
 liability  policy; (2) to such operator (or chauffeur), if not the owner
 of such motor vehicle, if there was in effect at the time of such [acci-
 dent] CRASH such a policy with respect to his operation of  motor  vehi-
 cles  not owned by him or, if such motor vehicle was a private passenger
 motor vehicle, with respect to his operation of private passenger  motor
 vehicles  not  owned  by him or (3) to such owner or operator (or chauf-
 S. 1858                            10
 
 feur) if the liability of such owner  or  operator  (or  chauffeur)  for
 damages  resulting from such [accident] CRASH is, in the judgment of the
 commissioner, covered by any other form of  liability  insurance  policy
 issued  by  an insurance company authorized to do business in this state
 or by a bond, provided every such policy or  bond  mentioned  herein  is
 subject,  if  the  [accident]  CRASH has resulted in bodily injury, to a
 limit, exclusive of interest and costs, of twenty-five thousand  dollars
 or  death to a limit, exclusive of interest and costs, of fifty thousand
 dollars, because of bodily injury to or death of one person in  any  one
 [accident]  CRASH  and, subject to said limit for one person, to a limit
 of fifty thousand dollars because of bodily injury  to  or  one  hundred
 thousand  dollars  because  of  death  of two or more persons in any one
 [accident] CRASH, and, if the [accident] CRASH has resulted in injury to
 or destruction of property, to a limit of ten thousand  dollars  because
 of  injury to or destruction of property of others in any one [accident]
 CRASH or (4) to such owner or operator if the commissioner shall  deter-
 mine  that the failure to have liability coverage as described above was
 caused solely by the negligence or malfeasance of a  person  other  than
 the  person  whose  license  or  registration  has  been suspended or is
 subject to suspension, and that the person seeking to avoid such suspen-
 sion was not aware of the lack of such liability coverage. However, with
 respect to the provisions of (4) above, the burden  of  proof  shall  be
 upon  the  person  seeking  to  avoid  such  suspension action. Provided
 further, that such facts shall be established by  clear  and  convincing
 evidence,  either by the submission of affidavits or at a hearing called
 in the discretion of the commissioner.
   Upon receipt of notice of such [accident] CRASH, the insurance carrier
 or surety company which issued such policy or  bond  shall  furnish  for
 filing  with  the commissioner a written notice that such policy or bond
 was in effect at the time of such [accident] CRASH or shall  notify  the
 commissioner  in  such  manner  as he may require in case such policy or
 bond was not in effect at the time of such [accident] CRASH.
   In case any such operator (or chauffeur) or owner has  no  license  to
 operate  issued under this chapter or no motor vehicle registered in his
 name in this state, he shall not be allowed a  license  or  registration
 until  he  has complied with this article to the same extent as would be
 necessary if he had held an operator's  or  chauffeur's  license  and  a
 motor  vehicle registration issued under this chapter at the time of the
 [accident] CRASH.
   (b) Such security, where ordered, shall be in such form  and  in  such
 amount  as the commissioner may require, but in no case in excess of the
 amount of proof required by section  three  hundred  forty-one  of  this
 article.  The  commissioner may reduce the amount of security ordered in
 any case within six months after the date of the [accident]  CRASH,  if,
 in  his  judgment, the amount ordered is too large. In case the security
 originally ordered has been deposited, the  excess  deposited  over  the
 reduced  amount  ordered  shall  be  returned  to  the  depositor or his
 personal representative forthwith,  notwithstanding  the  provisions  of
 subdivision (c) of this section.
   (c)  Security  furnished  in  compliance with the requirements of this
 section shall be placed by  the  commissioner  in  the  custody  of  the
 commissioner of taxation and finance and shall be applicable only to the
 payment  of  a judgment against the depositor for damages arising out of
 the [accident] CRASH in question in an action at  law  begun  not  later
 than  one  year after the date of such [accident] CRASH or, upon assign-
 ment of the depositor, made not later than one year after  the  date  of
 S. 1858                            11
 
 such  [accident] CRASH, to the settlement of a claim arising out of such
 [accident] CRASH, or upon assignment of the depositor,  made  after  the
 expiration  of  one year after the date of such [accident] CRASH, to the
 settlement  of  an action at law begun not later than one year after the
 date of such [accident] CRASH. All of such  payments  made  out  of  the
 deposited  security  shall  be made as follows:   Payment shall first be
 made to each of the judgment creditors and to each of the claimants  who
 have  agreed to settle their claims, whose damages were evaluated by the
 commissioner, in an amount not greater than the amount  fixed  in  their
 respective   evaluations.  Whenever  the  commissioner  shall  be  given
 evidence, satisfactory to him,  that  the  amounts  of  all  claims  for
 damages  against  the depositor arising out of such [accident] CRASH are
 fixed, either by judgment or settlement agreement, payment shall be made
 out of any balance remaining after the first  distribution  to  each  of
 those  persons whose judgments or settlement amounts have not been fully
 paid but whose damages were evaluated by the commissioner, in proportion
 to the amounts of their respective evaluations unless  there  is  suffi-
 cient to make payment in full; and any balance remaining after the first
 and  second  distributions are completed shall be paid to those judgment
 creditors and those claimants who have agreed to settle their claims but
 whose damages were not evaluated, in proportion to the amounts of  their
 respective judgments or settlement amounts unless there is sufficient to
 make  payment  in  full.  Such deposit, or any balance thereof, shall be
 returned to the depositor or his personal representative whenever  after
 the  expiration  of such year, the commissioner shall be given evidence,
 satisfactory to him, that there is no such action pending  and  no  such
 judgment  unsatisfied  or  whenever, before the expiration of such year,
 the commissioner shall be given  evidence,  satisfactory  to  him,  that
 there  is  no  such  judgment  unsatisfied and that there is no existing
 cause of action against the depositor for damages arising  out  of  such
 [accident] CRASH.
   (c-1) After security, furnished in compliance with the requirements of
 this  section,  has remained on deposit for five years, the commissioner
 shall make a determination as to whether the  deposit,  or  any  balance
 thereof,  is returnable to the depositor or the person entitled thereto.
 In the event that such deposit, or any balance thereof, is determined to
 be returnable, but remains unclaimed by  the  depositor  or  the  person
 entitled  thereto  for  a  period of one year following the date of such
 determination, such unclaimed deposit, or any balance thereof, shall  be
 deemed  abandoned  property  subject  to the provisions of the abandoned
 property law.
   (d) The provisions of subdivision (a) of this section shall not  apply
 to  the  owner  of  a  motor  vehicle  operated  by  one having obtained
 possession or control thereof without the expressed or  implied  consent
 of  such owner, to a police officer or member of the state police who is
 compelled to assume the custody and operation  of  a  motor  vehicle  of
 another  because  such  motor vehicle was (1) stolen from or lost by the
 owner, (2) abandoned, either by the owner or any other  person  with  or
 without  the owner's consent, (3) is being operated by a person disabled
 so as not to be able to operate it properly, or (4) is being operated by
 an intoxicated person; or to either the owner or  operator  of  a  motor
 vehicle  involved in an [accident] CRASH wherein no damage or injury was
 caused to other than the person or property of such owner or operator.
   (e) In lieu of deposit of  security  when  required  pursuant  to  the
 provisions  of this section the commissioner may accept a written agree-
 ment, executed and acknowledged by the person required to deposit  secu-
 S. 1858                            12
 
 rity and any person who has sustained bodily injury, including death, or
 damage  to  his property, or his legal representative, providing for the
 payment of an agreed amount in installments, with respect to the  claims
 of  such  person  for  injuries or damages resulting from the [accident]
 CRASH.  In the event of default in payment of any installment under such
 agreement, then upon notice  of  such  default  the  commissioner  shall
 forthwith  suspend  the license and registration certificates and regis-
 tration plates of the person in default until  release  has  been  filed
 with  the commissioner indicating that the entire agreed amount has been
 paid. But in no case shall such agreement be used in lieu  of  proof  of
 maintenance  of financial responsibility in the future required pursuant
 to the provisions of this section.
   § 23. Section 337 of the vehicle and traffic law, as amended by  chap-
 ter 176 of the laws of 1990, is amended to read as follows:
   § 337. Suspension,  duration.  (a) The suspension required in sections
 three hundred thirty-two, three hundred thirty-four and SUBDIVISION  (E)
 OF  SECTION three hundred thirty-five [(e)] OF THIS ARTICLE shall remain
 in effect, the motor vehicle in any manner involved in  such  [accident]
 CRASH  shall  not  be registered in the name of the person whose license
 and/or registration certificate was so suspended, or in any  other  name
 where  the  commissioner  has  reasonable  grounds  to believe that such
 registration will have the effect of  defeating  the  purposes  of  this
 article,  and  no other motor vehicle shall be registered in the name of
 such person nor any new licenses issued to such person unless and  until
 such  judgment is satisfied or stayed or is discharged in bankruptcy and
 the judgment debtor gives  proof  of  financial  responsibility  in  the
 future as required pursuant to section three hundred thirty-five OF THIS
 ARTICLE  except under the conditions as stated in sections three hundred
 thirty-three and three hundred thirty-four OF THIS ARTICLE.
   (b) The suspension required in section three  hundred  thirty-five  OF
 THIS  ARTICLE  shall  remain  in effect, the motor vehicle in any manner
 involved in such [accident] CRASH shall not be registered in the name of
 the  person  whose  license  and/or  registration  certificate  was   so
 suspended,  or  in  any other name where the commissioner has reasonable
 grounds to believe that  such  registration  will  have  the  effect  of
 defeating the purposes of this article, and no other motor vehicle shall
 be  registered in the name of such person nor any new licenses issued to
 such person, unless and until such person complies with the  requirement
 with respect to furnishing security, or unless and until such person has
 obtained  a  release,  or  a  favorable  judgment in an action at law to
 recover damages resulting from such  [accident]  CRASH  or  unless  such
 person  shall  have satisfied in the manner herein provided any judgment
 rendered against such person in such an action, or unless such  judgment
 rendered  against  such  person  is discharged in bankruptcy, and at all
 events until such person gives and thereafter  maintains  proof  of  his
 financial responsibility.
   Provided,  however,  that  any  person  whose  license or registration
 became subject to suspension or has been suspended pursuant to  subdivi-
 sion  (a)  of section three hundred thirty-five OF THIS ARTICLE, whether
 or not such person has furnished security and proof of financial respon-
 sibility, shall be relieved from  furnishing  or  maintaining  proof  of
 financial  responsibility  if (1) one year has elapsed since the date of
 the [accident] CRASH, (2) nine months have elapsed  since  the  date  of
 compliance with any suspension order made against such person because of
 such  [accident]  CRASH,  (3) such person has neither paid nor agreed in
 writing to pay anything  for  damages  resulting  from  such  [accident]
 S. 1858                            13
 
 CRASH,  (4) no suit for damages because thereof has been brought against
 such person and (5) such person is not required to furnish  or  maintain
 proof  of financial responsibility for some reason other than for having
 been  involved in such [accident] CRASH.  If a suit or suits for damages
 resulting from such [accident] CRASH shall have been  brought  and  such
 suit  or  suits  shall  have  resulted  in  a judgment or judgments, the
 successful person in such suit or suits shall be relieved from  furnish-
 ing  or maintaining proof of financial responsibility forthwith provided
 such person is not required  to  furnish  or  maintain  such  proof  for
 reasons  other  than  for  having been involved in such [accident] CRASH
 and, in case such person has furnished security because of  having  been
 involved  in  such [accident] CRASH, it shall be returned to such person
 or the personal representative of such person forthwith  notwithstanding
 the  provisions  of subdivision (c) of section three hundred thirty-five
 OF THIS ARTICLE. The fact of having been  involved  in  such  [accident]
 CRASH shall not bar the issuance of license and registration to a person
 who  has been relieved from furnishing or maintaining proof of financial
 responsibility pursuant to the provisions of this paragraph.
   (c) A discharge in bankruptcy following  the  rendering  of  any  such
 judgment  shall not relieve the judgment debtor from any of the require-
 ments of this article unless otherwise provided in subdivisions (a)  and
 (b) of this section.
   §  24.  Subdivision (d) of section 338 of the vehicle and traffic law,
 the opening paragraph as amended by chapter 838 of the laws of 1970,  is
 amended to read as follows:
   (d)  The  commissioner  shall take action as required anywhere in this
 article, upon receiving proper evidence that any resident of this state,
 has in any other state had his driving privileges suspended  and/or  the
 operation of any motor vehicle owned by him prohibited pursuant to a law
 of such other state providing for such suspension or prohibition because
 of  a  conviction  or  because  of  an  unsatisfied judgment which would
 require the commissioner to suspend a non-resident's driving  privileges
 had  such a conviction or judgment been rendered in this state against a
 non-resident, provided, however, that no suspension or prohibition shall
 be effective until twenty days have elapsed from  the  date  upon  which
 notice  of  suspension  shall  have been mailed to the operator or owner
 during which period such operator or owner shall be permitted to  submit
 evidence  of  satisfaction  of  the  judgment or other evidence relating
 thereto.
   Upon receipt of a certification that  the  operating  privilege  of  a
 resident  of  this state has been suspended, revoked or cancelled in any
 such other state pursuant to a law providing for its suspension, revoca-
 tion or cancellation for failure to deposit security for the payment  of
 a  judgment  as  may arise out of a motor vehicle [accident] CRASH under
 circumstances which would require the commissioner  to  suspend  a  non-
 resident's operating privilege had the [accident] CRASH occurred in this
 state, the commissioner shall suspend the license of such resident if he
 was  the operator, and all of his registrations if he was the owner of a
 motor vehicle involved in such [accident] CRASH.  Such suspension  shall
 continue  until  such resident furnishes evidence of his compliance with
 the law of such other state relating to the deposit of such security.
   § 25. Section 341 of the vehicle and traffic law, as amended by  chap-
 ter 305 of the laws of 1995, is amended to read as follows:
   § 341. Amount  of  proof  required.  Proof of financial responsibility
 shall mean proof of ability to respond in damages for  liability  there-
 after  incurred,  arising  out of the ownership, maintenance or use of a
 S. 1858                            14
 
 motor vehicle, in the amount of twenty-five thousand dollars because  of
 bodily  injury  to or fifty thousand dollars because of death of any one
 person, and subject to said limit respecting one person, in  the  amount
 of  fifty  thousand  dollars  because of bodily injury to or one hundred
 thousand dollars because of death of two or  more  persons  in  any  one
 [accident]  CRASH,  and in the amount of ten thousand dollars because of
 injury to or destruction of property in any one [accident] CRASH.   Such
 proof  in  such amounts shall be furnished for each motor vehicle regis-
 tered by such person.
   § 26. Subdivision (c) of section 343 of the vehicle and  traffic  law,
 as amended by chapter 300 of the laws of 1960, and as further amended by
 section  104  of part A of chapter 62 of the laws of 2011, is amended to
 read as follows:
   (c) When a person has been required to furnish proof  of  a  financial
 responsibility  and  there  has been in effect a motor vehicle liability
 policy for his benefit for a period of three years, during which  period
 such  person or any vehicle registered in his name has not been involved
 in any [accident] CRASH upon which a  report  is  required  pursuant  to
 section  six hundred five [hereof] OF THIS CHAPTER, such person may file
 in lieu thereof, the written certificate of any insurance  carrier  duly
 authorized  to  do  business  in this state, certifying that there is in
 effect  a  standard  provisions  automobile  liability  policy  in  form
 approved  by  the  [superintendant] SUPERINTENDENT of financial services
 with a limit of liability no less than provided in  subdivision  (a)  of
 section three hundred thirty-five of this [law] ARTICLE.
   §  27.  Paragraphs  1  and  3 of subdivision (a) of section 344 of the
 vehicle and traffic law are amended to read as follows:
   (1) Said insurance carrier shall execute a power of attorney authoriz-
 ing the commissioner to accept service on its behalf of notice or  proc-
 ess  in  any  action  arising out of a motor vehicle [accident] CRASH in
 this state.
   (3) Said insurance carrier shall also agree to  accept  as  final  and
 binding  any  judgment  of  any  court of competent jurisdiction in this
 state duly rendered in any action arising out of a motor vehicle  [acci-
 dent] CRASH.
   § 28. Paragraph 3 of subdivision (b) of section 345 of the vehicle and
 traffic  law,  as amended by chapter 305 of the laws of 1995, is amended
 to read as follows:
   (3) Shall insure the insured or such other person  against  loss  from
 the liability imposed by law for damages, including damages for care and
 loss  of services because of bodily injury to or death of any person and
 injury to or destruction of property arising out of the ownership, main-
 tenance, use, or operation of such motor vehicle or motor vehicles with-
 in the state of New York, or elsewhere in the  United  States  in  North
 America  or  the  Dominion  of  Canada, subject to a limit, exclusive of
 interest and cost, with respect to each such motor vehicle, except a tow
 truck, of twenty-five thousand dollars because of bodily  injury  to  or
 fifty  thousand dollars because of death of one person in any one [acci-
 dent] CRASH and, subject to said limit for one person,  to  a  limit  of
 fifty  thousand dollars because of bodily injury to or one hundred thou-
 sand dollars because of death of two or more persons in any  one  [acci-
 dent] CRASH, and to a limit of ten thousand dollars because of injury to
 or  destruction  of  property of others in any one [accident] CRASH. The
 limit, exclusive of interest and costs, with  respect  to  a  tow  truck
 shall  be  a  combined  single  limit  of three hundred thousand dollars
 because of bodily injury [of] OR death to one or more persons or because
 S. 1858                            15
 
 of injury or destruction of property of others  in  any  one  [accident]
 CRASH,  and to a limit of twenty-five thousand dollars because of damage
 to a vehicle in the care, custody and control of the insured.
   § 29. Paragraph 1 of subdivision (i) of section 345 of the vehicle and
 traffic law is amended to read as follows:
   (1) The liability of any company under a motor vehicle liability poli-
 cy  shall become absolute whenever loss or damage covered by said policy
 occurs, and the satisfaction by the insured of a final judgment for such
 loss or damage shall not be a condition precedent to the right  or  duty
 of  the  carrier  to  make payment on account of such loss or damage. No
 such policy shall be cancelled or  annulled  as  respects  any  loss  or
 damage  by  any  agreement between the carrier and the insured after the
 said insured has become responsible for such loss  or  damage,  and  any
 such  cancellation or [annullment] ANNULMENT shall be void. If the death
 of the insured shall occur after the insured has  become  liable  during
 the  policy  period for loss or damage covered by the policy, the policy
 shall not be deemed terminated  by  such  death  with  respect  to  such
 liability  and the company shall be liable thereunder in the same manner
 and to the same extent as though death had not occurred. Upon the recov-
 ery of a final judgment against any person for any such loss or  damage,
 if  the  judgment  debtor  or the decedent whom he represents was at the
 accrual of the cause of action insured against liability therefor  under
 a  motor  vehicle liability policy, the judgment creditor shall be enti-
 tled to have the insurance money applied  to  the  satisfaction  of  the
 judgment.    But  the  policy may provide that the insured, or any other
 person covered by the policy, shall reimburse the company  for  payments
 made  on  account  of  any  [accident]  CRASH, claim or suit involving a
 breach of the  terms,  provisions  or  conditions  of  the  policy;  and
 further,  if the policy shall provide for limits in excess of the limits
 designated in this section, the insurance carrier may plead against such
 judgment creditor, with respect to the amount of such excess  limits  of
 liability,  any  defenses  which it may be entitled to plead against the
 insured. Any such policy may further provide for the  prorating  of  the
 insurance  thereunder with other applicable valid and collectible insur-
 ance. If the death, insolvency or bankruptcy of the insured shall  occur
 within  the  policy  period,  the policy during the unexpired portion of
 such period shall cover the legal representatives  of  the  insured.  No
 statement  made by the insured or on his behalf, and no violation of the
 terms of the policy, shall operate to defeat or avoid the policy  so  as
 to  bar  recovery  within the limits provided in subdivision (b) of this
 section.
   § 30. Subdivision 2 of section 353 of the vehicle and traffic  law  is
 amended to read as follows:
   (2) In the event the person who has given proof of financial responsi-
 bility  surrenders  his  operator's or chauffeur's license, registration
 certificates and  registration  plates  to  the  commissioner,  but  the
 commissioner  shall  not  release such proof in the event any action for
 damages upon a liability referred to in this article is then pending, or
 any judgment upon any such liability then outstanding  and  unsatisfied,
 or  in  the  event the commissioner has received notice that such person
 has within  the  period  of  three  months  immediately  preceding  been
 involved  as a driver in any motor vehicle [accident] CRASH.  An affida-
 vit of the applicant of the non-existence of such facts shall be  suffi-
 cient evidence thereof in the absence of evidence to the contrary in the
 records of the bureau.
 S. 1858                            16
 
   §  31. Section 354 of the vehicle and traffic law, as amended by chap-
 ter 61 of the laws of 1989, is amended to read as follows:
   § 354. Commissioner  to  furnish  operating  record.  The commissioner
 shall upon request furnish  any  insurance  carrier  or  any  person  an
 abstract of the operating record of any person subject to the provisions
 of  this  article,  which  abstract  shall  include  enumeration  of any
 convictions of such person of a violation of any provision of any  stat-
 ute  relating  to  the  operation  of a motor vehicle or any [accidents]
 CRASHES in which a motor vehicle driven by such person has been involved
 during the current calendar year and the three calendar years  preceding
 that  in  which  the request for the operating record is received and if
 specifically requested shall also fully designate the motor vehicles, if
 any, registered in the name of such person and the name of  the  insurer
 insuring  such  motor  vehicle,  for  the registration year in which the
 request for the operating record is received. A request for an  abstract
 of an operating record shall be subject to the provisions of section two
 hundred two of this chapter.
   § 32. Section 366 of the vehicle and traffic law is amended to read as
 follows:
   § 366. Past application of article. This article, except section three
 hundred  thirty-nine  [thereof]  OF THIS ARTICLE, shall not apply to any
 judgment in a civil action or cause of action arising out of  [an  acci-
 dent] A CRASH occurring prior to the effective date of this article.
   §  33. The section heading, the opening paragraph of subdivision 1 and
 subdivisions 3 and 4 of section 370 of the vehicle and traffic law,  the
 section  heading and subdivision 4 as amended by chapter 609 of the laws
 of 1962, the opening paragraph of subdivision 1 as amended by chapter 20
 of the laws of 2002 and as further amended by section 104 of part  A  of
 chapter  62  of the laws of 2011 and subdivision 3 as amended by chapter
 232 of the laws of 2001, are amended to read as follows:
   Indemnity bonds or insurance policies; notice of [accident] CRASH.
   Every person, firm, association or corporation engaged in the business
 of carrying or transporting passengers for hire in any motor vehicle  or
 motorcycle,  except street cars, and motor vehicles or motorcycles owned
 and operated by a municipality, and except as otherwise provided in this
 section, which shall be operated over, upon or along any  public  street
 or  highway of the state of New York shall file with the commissioner of
 motor vehicles for each motor vehicle or motorcycle intended  to  be  so
 operated  evidence, in such form as the commissioner may prescribe, of a
 corporate surety bond or a policy of insurance, approved as to  form  by
 the  superintendent  of financial services in a company authorized to do
 business in the state, approved by the superintendent as to solvency and
 responsibility, conditioned for the payment of a minimum sum, hereinaft-
 er called minimum liability, on a judgment  or  judgments  for  damages,
 including damages for care and loss of services, because of bodily inju-
 ry  to,  or  death  of  any  one person in any one [accident] CRASH, and
 subject to such minimum liability  a  maximum  sum,  hereinafter  called
 maximum  liability  on  a  judgment  or judgments for damages, including
 damages for care and loss of services because of bodily  injury  to,  or
 death  of  two  or  more persons in any one [accident] CRASH and for the
 payment of a minimum sum, called minimum liability on all judgments  for
 damages because of injury to or destruction of property of others in any
 one  [accident]  CRASH, recovered against such person, firm, association
 or corporation upon claims arising out of the same transaction or trans-
 actions connected with the same subject of  action,  to  be  apportioned
 ratably  among  the  judgment creditors according to the amount of their
 S. 1858                            17
 
 respective judgments for damage or injury caused in the operation, main-
 tenance, use or the defective construction  of  such  motor  vehicle  or
 motorcycle as follows:
   3.  A person, firm, association or corporation engaged in the business
 of renting or leasing rental vehicles to be  operated  upon  the  public
 highways  for  carrying passengers shall be subject to the provisions of
 this section in the same manner and  to  the  same  extent  as  if  such
 person,  firm,  association  or corporation were actually engaged in the
 business of carrying or transporting passengers for hire.
   Notwithstanding the provisions of subdivision one of this  section,  a
 person,  firm,  association  or  corporation  engaged in the business of
 renting or leasing motor vehicles, having registered in this state  more
 than  twenty-five  motor  vehicles  subject  to  the  provisions of this
 section and who qualifies as hereinafter provided, may  file  a  certif-
 icate  of  self-insurance.  The  commissioner  of  motor vehicles in his
 discretion may, upon the application of such a person, firm, association
 or corporation issue a certificate of self-insurance when he is  reason-
 ably  satisfied  that  such  person is possessed and will continue to be
 possessed of financial ability to respond to judgments obtained  against
 such person, arising out of the ownership, maintenance, use or operation
 of  any  such  person's  motor vehicle. Upon due notice and hearing, the
 commissioner may, in his discretion and upon reasonable grounds,  cancel
 a certificate of self-insurance.
   As  a  condition  to  the  issuance of a certificate of self-insurance
 under this subdivision the registrant shall pay annually in addition  to
 any  other fee prescribed by this chapter, a fee of one dollar and fifty
 cents for each motor vehicle registered in his name  and  the  aggregate
 amount  of  such  fees  shall  be applied in reduction of the assessment
 levied pursuant to section three hundred seventeen OF THIS TITLE.
   As a further condition to the issuance of a certificate of  self-insu-
 rance,  the  registrant  shall pay annually in addition to any other fee
 prescribed by this chapter, an amount per vehicle to  be  determined  by
 the  Motor Vehicle [Accident] CRASH Indemnification Corporation pursuant
 to section five thousand two hundred seven of the insurance law and  the
 aggregate  amount  of such fees shall be transmitted by the commissioner
 to  the  Motor  Vehicle  [Accident]  CRASH  Indemnification  Corporation
 continued  pursuant  to  section  five thousand two hundred three of the
 insurance law to be applied in reduction of assessments levied  by  said
 corporation  pursuant  to section five thousand two hundred seven of the
 insurance law.
   4. Every person operating a motor vehicle or motorcycle as to which  a
 bond or policy of insurance is required by this section, which is in any
 manner  involved  in  [an accident] A CRASH, shall within five days give
 written notice of the time and place of  the  [accident]  CRASH  to  the
 surety  or insurer.   Failure to give notice of [an accident] A CRASH as
 herein provided shall constitute a misdemeanor, but shall not affect the
 liability of the surety or insurer.
   § 34. Subdivision 2 of section 385 of the vehicle and traffic law,  as
 amended  by  chapter  973  of  the  laws  of 1966, is amended to read as
 follows:
   2. The height of a vehicle from under side of tire to top of  vehicle,
 inclusive  of  load,  shall be not more than thirteen and one-half feet.
 Any damage to highways, bridges or highway structures resulting from the
 use of a vehicle exceeding thirteen feet in  height  where  such  excess
 height  is  the proximate cause of the [accident] CRASH shall be compen-
 sated for by the owner and operator of such vehicle.
 S. 1858                            18
 
   § 35. The opening paragraph of subdivision 2 of section 398-b  of  the
 vehicle  and traffic law, as amended by chapter 212 of the laws of 1980,
 is amended to read as follows:
   As used in this article the term "motor vehicle repair shop" means any
 person  who,  for  compensation,  is  wholly or partially engaged in the
 business of  repairing  or  diagnosing  motor  vehicle  malfunctions  or
 repairing  motor  vehicle bodies, fenders or other components damaged by
 [accident] CRASH or otherwise, except that such term does not include:
   § 36. The article heading of article 12-B of the vehicle  and  traffic
 law,  as added by chapter 290 of the laws of 1998, is amended to read as
 follows:
                APPROVAL OF MOTOR VEHICLE [ACCIDENT] CRASH
                            PREVENTION COURSES
   § 37. Section 399-a of the vehicle and traffic law, as added by  chap-
 ter 290 of the laws of 1998, is amended to read as follows:
   §  399-a.  Statement  of  purpose. The purposes of this article are to
 further highway safety by preserving the quality  and  efficacy  of  the
 [accident]  CRASH  prevention  course  programs.  These purposes will be
 accomplished by establishing strict criteria for initial  and  continual
 course sponsorship approval.
   §  38. Section 399-b of the vehicle and traffic law, as added by chap-
 ter 290 of the laws of 1998, is amended to read as follows:
   § 399-b. Definitions. For the purposes of this article, the  following
 terms shall have the following definitions:
   1.  "Sponsoring  agency" shall mean an organization which owns a motor
 vehicle [accident] CRASH prevention course approved by the commissioner.
   2. "Delivery agency" shall mean an organization which conducts a spon-
 soring agency's  approved  motor  vehicle  [accident]  CRASH  prevention
 course.
   3. "Instructor" shall mean an individual employed by a delivery agency
 to teach an approved [accident] CRASH prevention course.
   4.  "[Accident]  CRASH  prevention  course" or "course" shall mean the
 [accident] CRASH prevention  course  curriculum  or  specialized  course
 curriculum which has been approved by the commissioner.
   5.  "Completion  certificate"  shall  mean  a document which cannot be
 altered and which is provided to the student who successfully  completes
 the [accident] CRASH prevention course.
   6. "Specialized course" shall mean a course aimed primarily at enhanc-
 ing  safety  within  a specific occupation or for a specific category of
 vehicles.
   § 39. Section 399-c of the vehicle and traffic law, as added by  chap-
 ter 290 of the laws of 1998, is amended to read as follows:
   §  399-c.  Approval by the commissioner. The commissioner must approve
 [an accident] A CRASH prevention course before any person attending  and
 successfully  completing  such  course  may qualify to receive mandatory
 insurance reduction  benefits  in  accordance  with  subsection  (a)  of
 section  two thousand three hundred thirty-six of the insurance law. The
 commissioner shall base the  decision  to  approve  a  course  upon  the
 requirements  set  forth in this article and any additional requirements
 as the commissioner deems necessary.
   § 40. Subdivision 1 of section 399-d of the vehicle and  traffic  law,
 as  added  by  chapter  290  of  the laws of 1998, is amended to read as
 follows:
   1. An agency or organization  seeking  approval  as  a  motor  vehicle
 [accident]  CRASH prevention course sponsoring agency shall apply to the
 commissioner for approval. Such applications shall be  made  in  writing
 S. 1858                            19
 
 and  on  forms  prescribed  by  the  commissioner. The application shall
 include at a minimum: the title or name of the course, the name  of  the
 organization  submitting the application, proof of course ownership, and
 the  names  and  addresses of all owners, officers, and directors of the
 agency or organization, and such other information or  material  as  the
 commissioner may prescribe. An application shall not be considered to be
 complete until all information and material required by this chapter and
 by regulation of the commissioner has been submitted.
   §  41. Section 399-f of the vehicle and traffic law, as added by chap-
 ter 290 of the laws of 1998, is amended to read as follows:
   § 399-f. Proof of effectiveness. Proof of effectiveness shall be veri-
 fiable research documentation submitted by the applicant for sponsorship
 showing evidence of effectiveness comparable to  that  of  the  national
 safety  council's  defensive driving course as determined by the commis-
 sioner in terms of reduced convictions or [accidents] CRASHES  or  both.
 This  research  documentation  shall employ accepted research principles
 and include treatment and  non-treatment  control  groups  comprised  of
 samples of the representative driver base. In order to establish verifi-
 able  effectiveness,  each sample group should be comprised of a minimum
 of three thousand drivers selected  randomly.  The  documentation  shall
 include  conviction  or  [accident]  CRASH  data for each motorist for a
 period of at least eighteen months prior to the course  completion  date
 and  at  least  eighteen  months subsequent to such date, and equivalent
 time periods for non-treatment control groups. The  documentation  shall
 also include a description of the sampling and analytic procedures used,
 and  the  motorist  identification number and course completion date for
 all course attendees. The applicant for sponsorship  shall  provide,  at
 the  request  of  the  commissioner  and at the applicant's expense, all
 driving record data and analysis used in the development of the  submit-
 ted  research  documentation.  Submission  of  any  fraudulent or inten-
 tionally misleading data  will  disqualify  that  organization  and  all
 owners  and  principals from participating or approval in the [accident]
 CRASH prevention course for a period of ten years from submission  date.
 The  commissioner may, by regulation, provide for a smaller sample group
 for specialized courses.
   § 42. The article heading of article 12-C of the vehicle  and  traffic
 law,  as added by chapter 751 of the laws of 2005, is amended to read as
 follows:
   [ACCIDENT] CRASH PREVENTION  COURSE  INTERNET,  AND  OTHER  TECHNOLOGY
 PILOT PROGRAM
   §  43. Section 399-k of the vehicle and traffic law, as added by chap-
 ter 751 of the laws of 2005, is amended to read as follows:
   § 399-k. [Accident] CRASH prevention course internet technology  pilot
 program.  The commissioner shall establish and implement a comprehensive
 pilot program to review and study internet, and  other  technologies  as
 approved  by  the  commissioner,  as  a training method for the adminis-
 tration and completion of an approved [accident] CRASH prevention course
 for the purposes of granting point and insurance premium reduction bene-
 fits.
   § 44. Section 399-l of the vehicle and  traffic  law,  as  amended  by
 section  1  of  part ZZ of chapter 58 of the laws of 2020, is amended to
 read as follows:
   § 399-l.  Application.  Applicants  for  participation  in  the  pilot
 program established pursuant to this article shall be among those [acci-
 dent]  CRASH  prevention  course  sponsoring agencies that have a course
 approved by the commissioner pursuant to article twelve-B of this  title
 S. 1858                            20
 
 and  which deliver such course to the public. Provided, the commissioner
 shall, in his or her discretion, approve additional  applications  after
 the  effective date of this article. In order to be approved for partic-
 ipation  in  such  pilot  program,  the  course  must  comply  with  the
 provisions of law, rules and regulations applicable thereto. The commis-
 sioner may, in his or her discretion, impose a fee for the submission of
 each application to participate in the pilot program established  pursu-
 ant  to  this  article.  Such  fee  shall not exceed seven thousand five
 hundred dollars.
   § 45. Section 399-m of the vehicle and traffic law, as added by  chap-
 ter 751 of the laws of 2005, is amended to read as follows:
   §  399-m.  Pilot  program  scope  and duration. The commissioner shall
 conduct a pilot program designed to  evaluate  utilizing  internet,  and
 other  technologies  as  approved  by  the  commissioner, for delivering
 [accident] CRASH prevention courses  for  point  and  insurance  premium
 reduction  benefits to the public by permitting qualifying applicants to
 participate in the pilot program for a period of five years.
   § 46. Section 399-n of the vehicle and traffic law, as added by  chap-
 ter 751 of the laws of 2005, is amended to read as follows:
   §  399-n.  Regulations. 1. The commissioner is authorized and directed
 to promulgate any rules  and  regulations  necessary  to  implement  the
 provisions  of this article and to insure that internet, and other tech-
 nology as approved  by  the  commissioner,  delivered  [accident]  CRASH
 prevention  courses  established  pursuant to this article can validate:
 student identity at registration  and  throughout  the  course;  partic-
 ipation  throughout  the course; that the time requirements are met; and
 successful completion of the course. Provided, however, that  any  rules
 and regulations promulgated pursuant to this article shall not stipulate
 any particular location for delivery of [an accident] A CRASH prevention
 course or limit the time of day during which such course may be taken.
   2. The commissioner is authorized to impose a fee upon each [accident]
 CRASH  prevention course sponsoring agency approved for participation in
 the pilot program, which shall not exceed eight dollars for each student
 who completes [an accident] A CRASH prevention course by  means  of  the
 pilot program established pursuant to this article.
   §  47. Section 399-o of the vehicle and traffic law, as added by chap-
 ter 751 of the laws of 2005, is amended to read as follows:
   § 399-o. Report by commissioner. Within five years of  the  establish-
 ment  and  implementation of this article, the commissioner shall report
 to the governor, the temporary president of the senate and  the  speaker
 of  the assembly on the [accident] CRASH prevention course internet, and
 other technology as approved by the commissioner, pilot program and  its
 results.  Such report shall include recommendations as to the future use
 of internet and other technologies as an effective way, in  addition  to
 classroom  presentation,  to  deliver  to the public approved [accident]
 CRASH prevention courses, and qualifications for  participants  in  such
 approved internet and other technology-delivered programs.
   § 48. Paragraph (e) of subdivision 4 of section 503 of the vehicle and
 traffic  law,  as added by section 2 of part E of chapter 59 of the laws
 of 2004, is amended to read as follows:
   (e) Any completion of a  motor  vehicle  [accident]  CRASH  prevention
 course  approved  pursuant to article twelve-B of this chapter shall not
 serve to reduce the calculation of points on a person's  driving  record
 for the purposes of this section.
   §  49. Subdivision 2 of section 506 of the vehicle and traffic law, as
 added by chapter 780 of the laws of 1972, is amended to read as follows:
 S. 1858                            21
 
   2. The commissioner may require every person holding a license  issued
 pursuant  to  this  article to submit to such an examination as shall be
 determined by him to be appropriate if such person has been involved  in
 three  [accidents]  CRASHES  while driving a motor vehicle or motorcycle
 within  a  period  of  eighteen months, if such [accidents] CRASHES were
 required to be reported by section six hundred five of this chapter.
   § 50. Subdivision 7 of section 509-a of the vehicle and  traffic  law,
 as  added  by  chapter  599  of  the laws of 1993, is amended to read as
 follows:
   (7) [accident] CRASH shall include any [accident] CRASH  with  another
 vehicle,  object  or person, which occurs in this state or elsewhere, in
 which any person is killed or injured, or in which damage to the proper-
 ty of any one person, including the operator, in excess of one  thousand
 five  hundred  dollars is sustained, or in which damage in excess of two
 thousand five hundred dollars is sustained to  any  bus  as  defined  in
 section  one  hundred four of this chapter; provided however that [acci-
 dents] CRASHES occurring outside this state shall not be recorded on the
 driver's license record.
   § 51. Subdivisions 1 and 3 of section 509-bb of the vehicle and  traf-
 fic  law,  as  added  by chapter 599 of the laws of 1993, are amended to
 read as follows:
   (1) Any person employed as a bus driver who  has  on  three  occasions
 been  the  operator of a motor vehicle involved in [an accident] A CRASH
 of a nature or type set forth in section five  hundred  nine-a  of  this
 article,  where  such  [accidents]  CRASHES occurred within an eighteen-
 month period, shall be subject to reexamination, including a road  test,
 as  provided  in this section; provided, however, that if such person is
 subject to a period of disqualification pursuant to section five hundred
 nine-c or five hundred nine-cc of this article, such reexamination shall
 occur not more than forty-five days prior  to  the  completion  of  such
 period  of  disqualification;  and  provided,  further, that [accidents]
 CRASHES in which the driver was completely without fault  shall  not  be
 included in determining whether such reexamination is required.
   (3)  For purposes of this section, one such [accident] CRASH shall not
 be counted if the person successfully completes a motor  vehicle  [acci-
 dent] CRASH prevention course approved by the commissioner.
   §  52.  Subparagraph (iv) of paragraph (b) and paragraphs (d), (e) and
 (f) of subdivision 1 and subparagraph (iii) of paragraph (b)  and  para-
 graphs (d), (e) and (f) of subdivision 2 of section 509-c of the vehicle
 and traffic law, subparagraph (iv) of paragraph (b) of subdivision 1 and
 subparagraph (iii) of paragraph (b) of subdivision 2 as amended by chap-
 ter  360  of  the laws of 1986, paragraph (d) of subdivision 1 and para-
 graph (d) of subdivision 2 as amended by chapter 599 of the laws of 1993
 and paragraphs (e) and (f) of subdivision 1 and paragraphs (e)  and  (f)
 of  subdivision  2  as  added  by  chapter  599 of the laws of 1993, are
 amended to read as follows:
   (iv) has been convicted of leaving the scene of [an accident] A  CRASH
 which  resulted  in  personal  injury  or death under subdivision two of
 section six hundred of this chapter or an offense committed  outside  of
 this  state  which  would  constitute  a violation of subdivision two of
 section six hundred of this chapter. Such disqualification shall be  for
 a  period  of three years if such conviction occurred prior to September
 fifteenth, nineteen hundred eighty-five; or
   (d) for a period of one year, if that person has accumulated  nine  or
 more  points  on his or her driving record for acts that occurred during
 an eighteen month period  on  or  after  September  fifteenth,  nineteen
 S. 1858                            22
 
 hundred  eighty-five, provided, however, that the disqualification shall
 terminate if the person has reduced the points to less than nine through
 the successful completion of a motor vehicle [accident] CRASH prevention
 course.
   (e)  for  a  period  of one year, if that person was the operator of a
 motor vehicle involved in two or more [accidents] CRASHES  of  a  nature
 and type set forth in section five hundred nine-a of this article, where
 such  [accidents]  CRASHES  occurred  within  an  eighteen-month  period
 following a reexamination conducted pursuant  to  section  five  hundred
 nine-bb  of this article, provided that [accidents] CRASHES in which the
 driver was completely without fault shall not be included in determining
 whether such disqualification is required;
   (f) for a period of one year, if that person fails to pass a road test
 administered pursuant to section five hundred nine-bb of  this  article;
 provided,  however,  that  such person shall be given the opportunity to
 complete a motor vehicle [accident] CRASH prevention course approved  by
 the  commissioner  and  to  then undergo a second road test administered
 pursuant to section five hundred  nine-bb  of  this  article,  and  such
 disqualification  shall  cease  if  such  person passes such second road
 test.
   (iii) has been convicted of leaving the scene of [an accident] A CRASH
 which resulted in personal injury or  death  under  subdivision  two  of
 section  six  hundred of this chapter or an offense committed outside of
 this state which would constitute a  violation  of  subdivision  two  of
 section six hundred of this chapter; or
   (d)  for a period of one year, if that person accumulates nine or more
 points on his or her driving record for acts occurring during  an  eigh-
 teen  month  period,  provided, however, that the disqualification shall
 terminate if the person has reduced the points to less than nine through
 the successful completion of a motor vehicle [accident] CRASH prevention
 course.
   (e) for a period of one year, if that person was  the  operator  of  a
 motor  vehicle  involved  in two or more [accidents] CRASHES of a nature
 and type set forth in section five hundred nine-a of this article, where
 such  [accidents]  CRASHES  occurred  within  an  eighteen-month  period
 following  a  reexamination  conducted  pursuant to section five hundred
 nine-bb of this article, provided that [accidents] CRASHES in which  the
 driver was completely without fault shall not be included in determining
 whether such disqualification is required;
   (f) for a period of one year, if that person fails to pass a road test
 administered  pursuant  to section five hundred nine-bb of this article;
 provided, however, that such person shall be given  the  opportunity  to
 complete  a motor vehicle [accident] CRASH prevention course approved by
 the commissioner and to then undergo a  second  road  test  administered
 pursuant  to  section  five  hundred  nine-bb  of this article, and such
 disqualification shall cease if such  person  passes  such  second  road
 test.
   §  53.  Subparagraph  (v) of paragraph (b) and paragraphs (d), (e) and
 (f) of subdivision 1, subparagraph (iv) of paragraph (c) and  paragraphs
 (e),  (f)  and (g) of subdivision 2 of section 509-cc of the vehicle and
 traffic law, subparagraph (v) of paragraph (b) of subdivision 1 as added
 by chapter 675 of the laws of 1985, paragraph (d) of subdivision  1  and
 paragraph  (e) of subdivision 2 as amended by chapter 599 of the laws of
 1993, paragraphs (e) and (f) of subdivision 1 and paragraphs (f) and (g)
 of subdivision 2 as added by chapter  599  of  the  laws  of  1993,  and
 S. 1858                            23
 
 subparagraph  (iv) of paragraph (c) of subdivision 2 as amended by chap-
 ter 360 of the laws of 1986, are amended to read as follows:
   (v)  has  been convicted of leaving the scene of [an accident] A CRASH
 which resulted in personal injury or death under section six hundred  of
 this  chapter  or an offense committed outside of this state which would
 constitute a violation of section six hundred of this chapter.
   (d) for a period of one year, if that person has accumulated  nine  or
 more  points  on his or her driving record for acts that occurred during
 an eighteen month period  on  or  after  September  fifteenth,  nineteen
 hundred  eighty-five, provided, however, that the disqualification shall
 terminate if the person has reduced the points to less than nine through
 the successful completion of a motor vehicle [accident] CRASH prevention
 course.
   (e) for a period of one year, if that person or was the operator of  a
 motor  vehicle  involved  in two or more [accidents] CRASHES of a nature
 and type set forth in section five hundred nine-a of this article, where
 such  [accidents]  CRASHES  occurred  within  an  eighteen-month  period
 following  a  reexamination  conducted  pursuant to section five hundred
 nine-bb of this article, provided that [accidents] CRASHES in which  the
 driver was completely without fault shall not be included in determining
 whether such disqualification is required;
   (f) for a period of one year, if that person fails to pass a road test
 administered  pursuant  to section five hundred nine-bb of this article;
 provided, however, that such person shall be given  the  opportunity  to
 complete  a motor vehicle [accident] CRASH prevention course approved by
 the commissioner and to then undergo a  second  road  test  administered
 pursuant  to  section  five  hundred  nine-bb  of this article, and such
 disqualification shall cease if such  person  passes  such  second  road
 test.
   (iv)  has been convicted of leaving the scene of [an accident] A CRASH
 which resulted in personal injury or  death  under  subdivision  two  of
 section  six  hundred of this chapter or an offense committed outside of
 this state which would constitute a  violation  of  subdivision  two  of
 section six hundred of this chapter; or
   (e)  for a period of one year, if that person accumulates nine or more
 points on his or her driving record for acts occurring during  an  eigh-
 teen  month  period,  provided, however, that the disqualification shall
 terminate if the person has reduced the points to less than nine through
 the successful completion of a motor vehicle [accident] CRASH prevention
 course.
   (f) for a period of one year, if that person was  the  operator  of  a
 motor  vehicle  involved  in two or more [accidents] CRASHES of a nature
 and type set forth in section five hundred nine-a of this article, where
 such  [accidents]  CRASHES  occurred  within  an  eighteen-month  period
 following  a  reexamination  conducted  pursuant to section five hundred
 nine-bb of this article, provided that [accidents] CRASHES in which  the
 driver was completely without fault shall not be included in determining
 whether such disqualification is required;
   (g) for a period of one year, if that person fails to pass a road test
 administered  pursuant  to section five hundred nine-bb of this article;
 provided, however, that such person shall be given  the  opportunity  to
 complete  a motor vehicle [accident] CRASH prevention course approved by
 the commissioner and to then undergo a  second  road  test  administered
 pursuant  to  section  five  hundred  nine-bb  of this article, and such
 disqualification shall cease if such  person  passes  such  second  road
 test.
 S. 1858                            24

   §  54.  Subdivision 7 of section 509-d of the vehicle and traffic law,
 as added by chapter 599 of the laws of  1993,  is  amended  to  read  as
 follows:
   (7)  Each  motor carrier shall prepare a report setting forth: (a) the
 number of miles travelled by buses operated by such motor carrier in the
 preceding twelve months; (b) the number of convictions  and  [accidents]
 CRASHES  involving  any driver employed by such motor carrier during the
 preceding twelve months, as reported to such carrier pursuant to section
 five hundred nine-f of this [chapter] ARTICLE; and  (c)  the  number  of
 convictions  and  [accidents]  CRASHES per ten thousand miles travelled.
 Such report shall be filed with the department as an attachment  to  the
 affidavit  of  compliance  required  by  subdivision (c) of section five
 hundred nine-j of this [chapter] ARTICLE, and  a  copy  of  such  report
 shall be made available by the carrier to any person upon request.
   §  55.  Section  509-e  of  the vehicle and traffic law, as amended by
 chapter 853 of the laws of 1975, is amended to read as follows:
   § 509-e. Annual review of driving record. Each motor carrier shall, at
 least once every twelve months, review the driving record  of  each  bus
 driver  it  employs  to  determine  whether  that  driver  meets minimum
 requirements for safe driving and is qualified to drive a  bus  pursuant
 to  section  five hundred nine-b of this article. In reviewing a driving
 record, the motor carrier must consider any evidence that the bus driver
 has violated applicable provisions of the vehicle and traffic  law.  The
 motor  carrier  must  also consider the driver's [accident] CRASH record
 and any evidence that the driver has violated laws governing the  opera-
 tion  of motor vehicles, such as speeding, reckless driving, and operat-
 ing while under the influence of alcohol or drugs,  that  indicate  that
 the  driver has exhibited a disregard for the safety of the public. Such
 information shall be recorded in the employer's record.
   § 56. Section 509-f of the vehicle and  traffic  law,  as  amended  by
 chapter 599 of the laws of 1993, is amended to read as follows:
   509-f.  Record  of violations. Each motor carrier shall, at least once
 every twelve months, require each bus driver it employs to  prepare  and
 furnish  it  with a list of all violations of motor vehicle traffic laws
 and ordinances (other than violations involving only parking)  of  which
 the  driver  has  been convicted or on account of which he has forfeited
 bond or collateral and all [accidents] CRASHES of a nature or  type  set
 forth in section five hundred nine-a of this article in which the driver
 was  involved during the preceding twelve months whether such violations
 or [accidents] CRASHES occurred in this state or elsewhere. Such  infor-
 mation shall be recorded in the employer's record.
   § 57. Subdivisions 1-b and 4 of section 509-i of the vehicle and traf-
 fic  law, subdivision 1-b as added and subdivision 4 as amended by chap-
 ter 599 of the laws of 1993, are amended to read as follows:
   1-b. A driver who is involved in [an accident] A CRASH of a nature  or
 type  set  forth  in  section five hundred nine-a of this article in any
 jurisdiction shall notify his or her employer within five  working  days
 from the date of the [accident] CRASH.  A driver who fails to notify his
 or  her  employer  of  such [accident] CRASH within the five working day
 period shall be subject to a five working day suspension.
   4. In addition to  the  requirements  of  subdivision  three  of  this
 section,  the  commissioner  shall  notify  the  motor  carrier  of  any
 conviction for any traffic violation or [accident] CRASH resulting  from
 operation  of a motor vehicle against a bus driver employed by the motor
 carrier, shall require payment of the fee necessary to defray  the  cost
 of  the  notification, and shall require all motor carriers to establish
 S. 1858                            25

 an escrow account with the department which shall be used to pay for the
 costs incurred by the department when it informs the motor carrier of  a
 driver's  conviction  or  [accident]  CRASH;  and may, if requested by a
 political  subdivision  which  contracts  with  a  motor carrier for the
 transportation of school children, provide such notice to the  political
 subdivision.
   §  58.  Subparagraph  (iii) of paragraph a of subdivision 2 of section
 510 of the vehicle and traffic law, as amended by chapter 47 of the laws
 of 1988, is amended to read as follows:
   (iii) of any violation of subdivision two of section  six  hundred  or
 section  three  hundred  ninety-two OF THIS CHAPTER or of a local law or
 ordinance making it unlawful to leave the scene of [an accident] A CRASH
 without reporting;
   § 59. Paragraph (a) of subdivision 4 of section 510-a of  the  vehicle
 and  traffic law, as amended by section 1 of part C of chapter 58 of the
 laws of 2013, is amended to read as follows:
   (a) A serious traffic violation  shall  mean  operating  a  commercial
 motor  vehicle in violation of any provision of this chapter or the laws
 or ordinances of any other state or locality outside of this state  that
 restricts  or  prohibits  the  use  of a hand-held mobile telephone or a
 portable electronic device while operating a commercial motor vehicle or
 in violation of any provision of this chapter or the laws of  any  other
 state,  the  District  of  Columbia  or  any Canadian province which (i)
 limits the speed of motor  vehicles,  provided  the  violation  involved
 fifteen or more miles per hour over the established speed limit; (ii) is
 defined  as  reckless driving by state or local law or regulation; (iii)
 prohibits improper or erratic lane change; (iv) prohibits following  too
 closely;  (v)  relates  to  motor  vehicle  traffic (other than parking,
 standing or stopping) and which arises in connection with a fatal [acci-
 dent] CRASH; (vi) operating a commercial  motor  vehicle  without  first
 obtaining  a  commercial  driver's  license  as required by section five
 hundred one of this title; (vii) operating a  commercial  motor  vehicle
 without  a  commercial  driver's  license in the driver's possession; or
 (viii) operating a commercial motor vehicle without the proper class  of
 commercial  driver's license and/or endorsement for the specific vehicle
 being operated or for the passengers or type of cargo being transported.
   § 60. Section 520 of the vehicle and traffic law, as amended by  chap-
 ter 607 of the laws of 1979, is amended to read as follows:
   § 520. Statement  of findings and declaration of purpose. The ever-in-
 creasing number of [accidents] CRASHES,  personal  injuries  and  deaths
 resulting  from  alcohol or drug-related traffic offenses is a matter of
 great concern to the legislature. The diminished perception  of  intoxi-
 cated  and  impaired operators of motor vehicles presents a constant and
 intolerable threat to the lives and well-being of the  citizens  of  the
 state.  Efforts aimed at alleviating this threat have proven inadequate.
 The public interest in the cause of highway safety will be  well  served
 by the implementation of a permanent program of rehabilitation for those
 operators  convicted  of  alcohol  or  drug-related traffic offenses and
 certain operators who have been adjudicated youthful offenders for alco-
 hol or drug-related traffic offenses. The commissioner of motor vehicles
 should have the authority to offer to such operators an opportunity  for
 rehabilitation,  thereby reducing the threat aimed at themselves and the
 people of the state.
   § 61. Section 523-b of the vehicle and traffic law, as added by  chap-
 ter 596 of the laws of 1975, is amended to read as follows:
 S. 1858                            26
 
   § 523-b. Experimental  driver  safety  programs.  The commissioner may
 study the feasibility of programs to improve driver behavior,  attitude,
 performance or skills in order to reduce motor vehicle [accidents] CRAS-
 HES and traffic violations, and to promote highway safety. He shall have
 the  authority  to  establish  such  programs on a limited, experimental
 basis in order to assist in such feasibility  study  provided  any  such
 program  is  funded by any source other than state funds, or if any such
 program is to be funded with state funds, then  he  may  establish  such
 program  only  with  the approval of the director of the division of the
 budget.
   § 62. The article heading of article 22 of the vehicle and traffic law
 is amended to read as follows:
 
                    [ACCIDENTS] CRASHES AND [ACCIDENT]
                               CRASH REPORTS
   § 63. Paragraph b of subdivision 1 of section 600 of the  vehicle  and
 traffic  law,  as  amended by section 4 of part AAA of chapter 59 of the
 laws of 2017, is amended to read as follows:
   b. It shall be the duty of any member of a law enforcement agency  who
 is  at the scene of the [accident] CRASH to request the said operator or
 operators of the motor vehicles, when physically capable of doing so, to
 exchange the information required hereinabove and such member of  a  law
 enforcement  agency  shall  assist  such operator or operators in making
 such exchange of information in a reasonable and harmonious manner.
   A violation of the provisions of paragraph a of this subdivision shall
 constitute a traffic infraction punishable  by  a  fine  of  up  to  two
 hundred  fifty  dollars  or a sentence of imprisonment for up to fifteen
 days or both such fine and imprisonment.
   § 64. Paragraph b of subdivision 2 of section 600 of the  vehicle  and
 traffic  law,  as  amended by section 4 of part AAA of chapter 59 of the
 laws of 2017, is amended to read as follows:
   b. It shall be the duty of any member of a law enforcement agency  who
 is  at the scene of the [accident] CRASH to request the said operator or
 operators of the motor vehicles, when physically capable of doing so, to
 exchange the information required hereinabove and such member of  a  law
 enforcement  agency  shall  assist  such operator or operators in making
 such exchange of information in a reasonable and harmonious manner.
   § 65. Section 603 of the vehicle and traffic law, as amended by  chap-
 ter  550 of the laws of 1993 and subdivision 1 as amended by chapter 432
 of the laws of 1997, is amended to read as follows:
   § 603. [Accidents] CRASHES; police authorities and coroners to report.
 1. Every police or judicial  officer  to  whom  [an  accident]  A  CRASH
 resulting  in  injury  to a person shall have been reported, pursuant to
 the foregoing provisions of this chapter, shall immediately  investigate
 the  facts,  or cause the same to be investigated, and report the matter
 to the commissioner forthwith; provided, however, that the report of the
 [accident] CRASH is made to the police officer or judicial officer with-
 in five days after such [accident] CRASH. Every coroner, or other  offi-
 cial  performing  like  functions,  shall  likewise make a report to the
 commissioner with respect to all deaths found to have been the result of
 motor vehicle or  motorcycle  [accidents]  CRASHES.  Such  report  shall
 include  information on the width and length of trucks, tractors, trail-
 ers and semitrailers, which are in excess of ninety-five inches in width
 or thirty-four feet in length and which are involved in such [accidents]
 CRASHES, whether such [accident] CRASH took place in  a  work  area  and
 whether  it  was  being  operated  with  an  overweight or overdimension
 S. 1858                            27
 
 permit.  Such report shall distinctly indicate and  include  information
 as  to  whether  the  inflatable restraint system inflated and deployed.
 Nothing contained in this subdivision shall  be  deemed  to  preclude  a
 police  officer  from reporting any other [accident] CRASH which, in the
 judgment of such police officer, would be required to be reported to the
 commissioner by the operator  of  a  vehicle  pursuant  to  section  six
 hundred five of this article.
   2. In addition to the requirements of subdivision one of this section,
 every  police  officer or judicial officer to whom [an accident] A CRASH
 shall have been reported involving a commercial vehicle  as  defined  in
 either subdivision four of section five hundred one-a or subdivision one
 of  section five hundred nine-p of this chapter shall immediately inves-
 tigate the facts, or cause the same to be investigated  and  report  the
 matter  to  the  commissioner forthwith, provided that the report of the
 [accident] CRASH is made to the police officer or judicial officer with-
 in five days after such [accident] CRASH, whenever such [accident] CRASH
 has resulted in (i) a vehicle being  towed  from  the  [accident]  CRASH
 scene  as  the result of incurring disabling damage, (ii) a fatality, or
 (iii) any individual being transported to a medical facility to  receive
 treatment  as  the result of physical injury sustained in the [accident]
 CRASH.
   § 66. Section 603-a of the vehicle and traffic law, as added by  chap-
 ter  408 of the laws of 2001, subdivision 1 as amended by chapter 489 of
 the laws of 2017 and paragraph (b) of subdivision 1 as amended by  chap-
 ter 27 of the laws of 2018, is amended to read as follows:
   § 603-a. [Accidents] CRASHES; police authorities to investigate.
   1.  In  addition  to  the requirements of section six hundred three of
 this article, whenever a motor vehicle [accident] CRASH results in seri-
 ous physical injury or death to a  person,  and  such  [accident]  CRASH
 either  is discovered by a police officer, or reported to a police offi-
 cer within five days after such [accident] CRASH  occurred,  the  police
 shall conduct an investigation of such [accident] CRASH.
   (a) Such investigation shall be conducted for the purposes of making a
 determination  of  the  following:  the  facts  and circumstances of the
 [accident] CRASH; the type or  types  of  vehicles  involved,  including
 passenger motor vehicles, commercial motor vehicles, motorcycles, limit-
 ed  use  motorcycles,  off-highway motorcycles, and/or bicycles; whether
 pedestrians were involved; the contributing factor or  factors;  whether
 it  can  be  determined  if  a  violation  or violations of this chapter
 occurred, and if so, the specific provisions of this chapter which  were
 violated  and  by  whom;  and, the cause of such [accident] CRASH, where
 such cause can be determined.
   (b) When present at the scene of such [accident] CRASH,  the  investi-
 gating  officer  shall also request that all operators of motor vehicles
 involved in such [accident] CRASH submit to field testing as defined  in
 section  eleven  hundred  ninety-four of this chapter provided there are
 reasonable grounds to believe such motor vehicle  operator  committed  a
 serious  traffic violation in the same [accident] CRASH.  The results of
 such field testing or refusal of such testing shall be included  in  the
 police  investigation report. For the purposes of this section, "serious
 traffic violation" shall mean operating a motor vehicle in violation  of
 any  of the following provisions of this chapter: articles twenty-three,
 twenty-four,  twenty-five,  twenty-six,  twenty-eight,  twenty-nine  and
 thirty  and sections five hundred eleven, six hundred and twelve hundred
 twelve.
 S. 1858                            28
 
   (c) The police shall forward a copy of the investigation report to the
 commissioner within five business days of the completion of such report.
   2.  For  purposes  of this section, the following terms shall have the
 following meanings:
   (a) "commercial motor vehicle" shall have the  same  meaning  as  such
 term is defined in either subdivision four of section five hundred one-a
 or subdivision one of section five hundred nine-p of this chapter; and
   (b) "serious physical injury" shall have the same meaning as such term
 is defined in section 10.00 of the penal law.
   §  67.  Section  603-b  of  the vehicle and traffic law, as amended by
 chapter 408 of the laws of 2007, is amended to read as follows:
   § 603-b. [Accidents] CRASHES;  police  to  indicate  serious  physical
 injury  and  death  on  simplified  traffic  information  or summons and
 compliant. In addition to the requirements of section six hundred  three
 of  this  article and subdivision twelve of section eleven hundred nine-
 ty-two of this chapter, in every case where a law enforcement officer is
 required to report pursuant to section six hundred three of this article
 and a person is charged with a violation of this chapter arising out  of
 such  [accident] CRASH, the law enforcement officer alleging such charge
 shall make a clear notation in the "Description of Violation" section of
 a simplified traffic information, or in an area provided  on  a  summons
 and  complaint  pursuant to subdivision one of section two hundred twen-
 ty-six of this chapter, if, arising out of the  same  [accident]  CRASH,
 someone  other  than  the  person charged was killed or suffered serious
 physical injury as defined in section 10.00 of the penal law; such nota-
 tion shall be in the form of a "D" if  someone  other  than  the  person
 charged  was killed and such notation shall be in the form of a "S.P.I."
 if someone other than the person charged suffered serious physical inju-
 ry; provided however, that the failure to make such notation shall in no
 way affect a charge for a violation of this chapter.
   § 68. Section 604 of the vehicle and traffic law is amended to read as
 follows:
   § 604. Reports; contents; preparation; distribution; filing.   Reports
 of  [accidents]  CRASHES  required under the preceding section, or under
 the rules and regulations of  the  commissioner,  shall  be  upon  forms
 prepared  by  him  and  contain  such information as he shall prescribe.
 Blank forms for such reports shall be printed by the commissioner and  a
 supply  sent to all city, town and village clerks and to the chief offi-
 cer of every city police department for general distribution and use  as
 herein  provided.  Reports  of  [accidents]  CRASHES, required under the
 preceding section, shall be sent to and filed with the  commissioner  at
 the  main  office of the bureau of motor vehicles in the city of Albany,
 except as otherwise provided by the rules and regulations of the commis-
 sioner.
   § 69. Section 605 of the vehicle and traffic law, as amended by  chap-
 ter  254  of  the laws of 1989, paragraphs 1 and 2 of subdivision (a) as
 amended by chapter 498 of the laws of 1999, paragraph 4  of  subdivision
 (a)  as amended by chapter 71 of the laws of 2004 and subdivision (c) as
 amended by chapter 161 of the laws  of  1996,  is  amended  to  read  as
 follows:
   §  605.  Report  required  upon  [accident] CRASH. (a) 1. Every person
 operating a motor vehicle, except a police officer (as defined in subdi-
 vision thirty-four of section 1.20 of the  criminal  procedure  law),  a
 correction  officer,  or a firefighter, operating a police department, a
 correction department, or fire department vehicle respectively while  on
 duty,  if a report has been filed by the owner of such vehicle, which is
 S. 1858                            29
 
 in any manner involved in [an accident] A  CRASH,  anywhere  within  the
 boundaries  of  this state, in which any person is killed or injured, or
 in which damage to the property of any one person, including himself, in
 excess of one thousand dollars is sustained, shall within ten days after
 such [accident] CRASH, report the matter in writing to the commissioner.
 If  such  operator  or  chauffeur be physically incapable of making such
 report and there be another participant  in  the  [accident]  CRASH  not
 incapacitated,  such  participant shall make such report within ten days
 after such [accident] CRASH. If the operator or  chauffeur  involved  in
 such  [accident]  CRASH  be unable to make such report, the owner of the
 motor vehicle involved in such [accident] CRASH, if such  owner  be  not
 involved  in  such  [accident]  CRASH or incapacitated, shall within ten
 days after he learns of the fact of such  [accident]  CRASH  report  the
 matter  to  the  commissioner together with such information as may have
 come to his knowledge relating to  such  [accident]  CRASH.  Every  such
 operator  or  chauffeur  of  a motor vehicle, or participant in any such
 [accident] CRASH, or owner of the motor vehicle  involved  in  any  such
 [accident]  CRASH,  shall  make such other and additional reports as the
 commissioner shall require.
   2. Failure to report an [accident] CRASH as herein provided or failure
 to give correctly the information required of him by the commissioner in
 connection with such report shall be a misdemeanor and shall  constitute
 a ground for suspension or revocation of the operator's (or chauffeur's)
 license or all certificates of registration for any motor vehicle, or of
 both,  of  the person failing to make such report as herein required. In
 addition, the commissioner may temporarily suspend the driver's  license
 or  permit  or certificate of registration of the motor vehicle involved
 in the [accident] CRASH, or of both, of the person failing to report [an
 accident] A CRASH within the period prescribed in paragraph one of  this
 subdivision, until such report has been filed. However, no suspension or
 a  revocation  shall be made of a license or certificate of registration
 of any police officer, correction officer, or  firefighter  involved  in
 [an  accident]  A  CRASH while on duty for failure to report such [acci-
 dent] CRASH within ten days thereof if a report has been  filed  by  the
 owner of such vehicle.
   3. In the case of a non-resident the failure to report [an accident] A
 CRASH as herein provided shall constitute ground for suspension or revo-
 cation  of his privileges of operating a motor vehicle in this state and
 of the operation within this state of any motor vehicle owned by him.
   4. When a report required by this section is made by an  owner  or  an
 operator  of a fire vehicle, as defined by section one hundred fifteen-a
 of this chapter, or a police vehicle, as defined by section one  hundred
 thirty-two-a of this chapter, when such [accident] CRASH occurred during
 the  operation  of  such  vehicle  in response to an emergency where the
 operator was responding to a call to duty as a paid or volunteer  member
 of  any  fire  department, or in the case of a police vehicle, when such
 [accident] CRASH occurred during  emergency  operation,  as  defined  by
 section  one  hundred fourteen-b of this chapter, the commissioner shall
 omit the event described in such report  from  the  operator's  external
 license  abstract.    Provided, however, the commissioner shall not omit
 the event described in such report from the operator's external  license
 abstract  if as a result of such event such operator has either (i) been
 charged with a violation of this chapter or of the penal law, unless the
 commissioner receives evidence that such charge has been  dismissed,  or
 that  the  action  has otherwise been terminated in favor of the accused
 pursuant to section 160.50 of the criminal procedure law,  or  that  the
 S. 1858                            30
 
 charge  has  otherwise  been  adjudicated  in an administrative or other
 proceeding in favor of the defendant operator or (ii) been found to have
 been grossly negligent by a final order of a court of  competent  juris-
 diction.
   (b)  Every  person operating a bicycle which is in any manner involved
 in [an accident] A CRASH on a public highway in this state in which  any
 person  is  killed, other than the operator, or suffers serious physical
 injury as defined pursuant to subdivision ten of section  10.00  of  the
 penal  law, shall within ten days after such operator learns of the fact
 of such death or serious physical injury, report the matter  in  writing
 to  the commissioner. If such operator is physically incapable of making
 such report within ten days, he or she shall make the report immediately
 upon recovery from the physical  incapacity.  If  such  operator  is  an
 unemancipated  minor  who  is  incapable  of  making such report for any
 reason, the parent or guardian of such operator shall make  such  report
 within  ten  days  after  learning of the fact of such [accident] CRASH.
 Every such operator of a bicycle, or parent or guardian of such  uneman-
 cipated  minor operator, shall make such other and additional reports as
 the commissioner shall require.
   (c) The report required by this section shall be made in such form and
 number as the commissioner may  prescribe.  Such  report  shall  include
 information  on  the  width and length of trucks, tractors, trailers and
 semitrailers, which are in excess of  ninety-five  inches  in  width  or
 thirty-four  feet  in  length and which are involved in such [accidents]
 CRASHES, whether such [accident] CRASH took place in  a  work  area  and
 whether  it  was  being  operated  with  an overweight or over dimension
 permit. Such report shall distinctly indicate and include information as
 to whether the inflatable restraint system inflated and deployed.
   § 70. Section 606 of the vehicle and traffic law, as added by  chapter
 429 of the laws of 2015, is amended to read as follows:
   § 606. Processing of required reports. The commissioner, when process-
 ing reports of [accidents] CRASHES filed pursuant to this article, shall
 give  priority  to reports involving serious physical injury (as defined
 in subdivision ten of section 10.00 of the penal law) or death.
   § 71. Paragraphs 2 and 3 of subdivision (m) of section 1111-a  of  the
 vehicle  and traffic law, as amended by section 10 of part TT of chapter
 58 of the laws of 2019, are amended to read as follows:
   2. within each borough of such city, the aggregate  number,  type  and
 severity of [accidents] CRASHES reported at intersections where a traff-
 ic-control  signal  photo  violation-monitoring  system  is used for the
 three years preceding the installation of such system, to the extent the
 information is maintained by the department of motor  vehicles  of  this
 state;
   3.  within  each  borough of such city, the aggregate number, type and
 severity of [accidents] CRASHES reported at intersections where a traff-
 ic-control signal photo violation-monitoring  system  is  used  for  the
 reporting year, as well as for the preceding three years that the traff-
 ic-control  signal  photo  violation-monitoring  system  has been opera-
 tional, to the extent the information is maintained by the department of
 motor vehicles of this state;
   § 72. Paragraphs 2 and 3 of subdivision (n) of section 1111-b  of  the
 vehicle  and traffic law, as amended by section 11 of part TT of chapter
 58 of the laws of 2019, are amended to read as follows:
   2. the aggregate number, type  and  severity  of  [accidents]  CRASHES
 reported  at  intersections  where a traffic-control signal photo viola-
 tion-monitoring system is used for the three years preceding the instal-
 S. 1858                            31
 
 lation of such system, to the extent the information  is  maintained  by
 the department of motor vehicles of this state;
   3.  the  aggregate  number,  type  and severity of [accidents] CRASHES
 reported at intersections where a traffic-control  signal  photo  viola-
 tion-monitoring  system  is  used for the reporting year, as well as for
 each year that the  traffic-control  signal  photo  violation-monitoring
 system has been operational, to the extent the information is maintained
 by the department of motor vehicles of this state;
   §  73.  Paragraphs 2 and 3 of subdivision (m) of section 1111-b of the
 vehicle and traffic law, as amended by section 12 of part TT of  chapter
 58 of the laws of 2019, are amended to read as follows:
   2.  the  aggregate  number,  type  and severity of [accidents] CRASHES
 reported at intersections where a traffic-control  signal  photo  viola-
 tion-monitoring system is used for the three years preceding the instal-
 lation  of  such  system, to the extent the information is maintained by
 the department of motor vehicles of this state;
   3. the aggregate number, type  and  severity  of  [accidents]  CRASHES
 reported  at  intersections  where a traffic-control signal photo viola-
 tion-monitoring system is used for the reporting year, as  well  as  for
 each  year  that  the  traffic-control signal photo violation-monitoring
 system has been operational, to the extent the information is maintained
 by the department of motor vehicles of this state;
   § 74. Paragraphs 2 and 3 of subdivision (n) of section 1111-b  of  the
 vehicle  and traffic law, as amended by section 13 of part TT of chapter
 58 of the laws of 2019, are amended to read as follows:
   2. the aggregate number, type  and  severity  of  [accidents]  CRASHES
 reported  at  intersections  where a traffic-control signal photo viola-
 tion-monitoring system is used for the three years preceding the instal-
 lation of such system, to the extent the information  is  maintained  by
 the department of motor vehicles of this state;
   3.  the  aggregate  number,  type  and severity of [accidents] CRASHES
 reported at intersections where a traffic-control  signal  photo  viola-
 tion-monitoring  system  is  used for the reporting year, as well as for
 each year that the  traffic-control  signal  photo  violation-monitoring
 system has been operational, to the extent the information is maintained
 by the department of motor vehicles of this state;
   §  75.  Paragraphs 2 and 3 of subdivision (m) of section 1111-d of the
 vehicle and traffic law, as amended by section 14 of part TT of  chapter
 58 of the laws of 2019, are amended to read as follows:
   2.  the  aggregate  number,  type  and severity of [accidents] CRASHES
 reported at intersections where a traffic-control  signal  photo  viola-
 tion-monitoring system is used for the three years preceding the instal-
 lation  of  such  system, to the extent the information is maintained by
 the department of motor vehicles of this state;
   3. the aggregate number, type  and  severity  of  [accidents]  CRASHES
 reported  at  intersections  where a traffic-control signal photo viola-
 tion-monitoring system is used for the reporting year, as  well  as  for
 each  year  that  the  traffic-control signal photo violation-monitoring
 system has been operational, to the extent the information is maintained
 by the department of motor vehicles of this state;
   § 76. Paragraphs 2 and 3 of subdivision (m) of section 1111-d  of  the
 vehicle  and traffic law, as amended by section 15 of part TT of chapter
 58 of the laws of 2019, are amended to read as follows:
   2. the aggregate number, type  and  severity  of  [accidents]  CRASHES
 reported  at  intersections  where a traffic-control signal photo viola-
 tion-monitoring system is used for the three years preceding the instal-
 S. 1858                            32
 
 lation of such system, to the extent the information  is  maintained  by
 the department of motor vehicles of this state;
   3.  the  aggregate  number,  type  and severity of [accidents] CRASHES
 reported at intersections where a traffic-control  signal  photo  viola-
 tion-monitoring  system  is  used for the reporting year, as well as for
 each year that the  traffic-control  signal  photo  violation-monitoring
 system has been operational, to the extent the information is maintained
 by the department of motor vehicles of this state;
   §  77.  Paragraphs 2 and 3 of subdivision (m) of section 1111-d of the
 vehicle and traffic law, as amended by section 16 of part TT of  chapter
 58 of the laws of 2019, are amended to read as follows:
   2.  the  aggregate  number,  type  and severity of [accidents] CRASHES
 reported at intersections where a traffic-control  signal  photo  viola-
 tion-monitoring system is used for the three years preceding the instal-
 lation  of  such  system, to the extent the information is maintained by
 the department of motor vehicles of this state;
   3. the aggregate number, type  and  severity  of  [accidents]  CRASHES
 reported  at  intersections  where a traffic-control signal photo viola-
 tion-monitoring system is used for the reporting year, as  well  as  for
 each  year  that  the  traffic-control signal photo violation-monitoring
 system has been operational, to the extent the information is maintained
 by the department of motor vehicles of this state;
   § 78. Paragraphs 2 and 3 of subdivision (m) of section 1111-e  of  the
 vehicle  and traffic law, as amended by section 17 of part TT of chapter
 58 of the laws of 2019, are amended to read as follows:
   2. the aggregate number, type  and  severity  of  [accidents]  CRASHES
 reported  at  intersections  where a traffic-control signal photo viola-
 tion-monitoring system is used for the three years preceding the instal-
 lation of such system, to the extent the information  is  maintained  by
 the department of motor vehicles of this state;
   3.  the  aggregate  number,  type  and severity of [accidents] CRASHES
 reported at intersections where a traffic-control  signal  photo  viola-
 tion-monitoring  system  is  used for the reporting year, as well as for
 each year that the  traffic-control  signal  photo  violation-monitoring
 system has been operational, to the extent the information is maintained
 by the department of motor vehicles of this state;
   § 79. Section 1131 of the vehicle and traffic law, as amended by chap-
 ter 294 of the laws of 2016, is amended to read as follows:
   § 1131. Driving on shoulders and slopes. Except for bicycles and those
 classes  of vehicles required to travel on shoulders or slopes, no motor
 vehicle shall be driven over, across, along, or within any  shoulder  or
 slope  of  any  state  controlled-access  highway  except  at a location
 specifically authorized and posted by the department of  transportation.
 The  foregoing limitation shall not prevent tow trucks from using shoul-
 ders or slopes in as limited and incidental a manner as practicable when
 dispatched to the scene of [an accident] A CRASH by  a  law  enforcement
 agency  or  an  authority, department or agency having jurisdiction over
 such controlled-access highway and all lanes are obstructed by  traffic,
 provided,  however, that the foregoing shall not relieve the driver of a
 tow truck from the duty to drive with due regard for the safety  of  all
 persons  nor  shall such provision protect the tow truck driver from the
 consequences of his or her reckless disregard for the safety  of  others
 and  shall  at  all  times operate such tow truck in compliance with all
 standards of care imposed  to  prevent  those  injuries  or  damages  to
 persons  or  property  of  another  which may result from the operator's
 negligence, recklessness or intentional misconduct, nor shall it prevent
 S. 1858                            33
 
 motor vehicles from using shoulders or slopes when  directed  by  police
 officers  or  flagpersons, nor does it prevent motor vehicles from stop-
 ping, standing, or parking on shoulders or slopes where  such  stopping,
 standing, or parking is lawful.
   §  80.  Paragraph  1 of subdivision (c) of section 1146 of the vehicle
 and traffic law, as amended by chapter 333  of  the  laws  of  2010,  is
 amended to read as follows:
   1.  A  driver of a motor vehicle who causes serious physical injury as
 defined in article ten of the penal law to  a  pedestrian  or  bicyclist
 while  failing  to  exercise due care in violation of subdivision (a) of
 this section, shall be guilty of a traffic infraction  punishable  by  a
 fine of not more than seven hundred fifty dollars or by imprisonment for
 not more than fifteen days or by required participation in a motor vehi-
 cle  [accident]  CRASH  prevention course pursuant to paragraph (e-1) of
 subdivision two of section 65.10 of the penal law or by any  combination
 of  such fine, imprisonment or course, and by suspension of a license or
 registration pursuant to subparagraph (xiv) or (xv) of  paragraph  b  of
 subdivision two of section five hundred ten of this chapter.
   §  81.  Paragraph  2 of subdivision (c) of section 1170 of the vehicle
 and traffic law, as amended by chapter 501  of  the  laws  of  2016,  is
 amended to read as follows:
   2.  Any  person  convicted of a violation of this section resulting in
 [an accident] A CRASH which causes physical  injury,  as  that  term  is
 defined  pursuant to subdivision nine of section 10.00 of the penal law,
 serious physical injury, as that term is defined pursuant to subdivision
 ten of section 10.00 of the penal law, or death to another person, shall
 be guilty of a class E felony.
   § 82. Subdivision 1 of section 1180-a of the vehicle and traffic  law,
 as  amended  by  chapter  464 of the laws of 2003, is amended to read as
 follows:
   1. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, no city, village, town,
 county, public authority, division, office or department  of  the  state
 shall  maintain  or  create  (a) any speed limit in excess of fifty-five
 miles per hour on any road, highway, parkway or bridge or (b) any  speed
 limit  on  any other portion of a public highway, which is not uniformly
 applicable to all types of motor vehicles using such portion of highway,
 if on November first, nineteen hundred seventy-three,  such  portion  of
 highway had a speed limit which was uniformly applicable to all types of
 motor  vehicles  using  it; provided however, a lower speed limit may be
 established for any vehicle operating under a special permit because  of
 any weight or dimension of such vehicle, including any load thereon, and
 (c)  provided further, paragraph (b) of this subdivision shall not apply
 to any portion of a highway during such time that the condition  of  the
 highway,  weather,  [an  accident] A CRASH, or other condition creates a
 temporary hazard to the safety of traffic on such portion of a  highway.
 However, the commissioner of the department of transportation may estab-
 lish a maximum speed limit of not more than sixty-five miles per hour on
 any  state  roadway  which  meets  department  criteria for such maximum
 speed.
   § 83. Subdivision 1 of section 1194 of the vehicle and traffic law, as
 added by chapter 47 of the laws of 1988, is amended to read as follows:
   1.  Arrest  and  field  testing.  (a)  Arrest.    Notwithstanding  the
 provisions  of  section  140.10  of the criminal procedure law, a police
 officer may, without a warrant, arrest a person, in case of a  violation
 of subdivision one of section eleven hundred ninety-two of this article,
 if  such violation is coupled with [an accident] A CRASH or collision in
 S. 1858                            34
 
 which such person is involved, which in fact has been committed,  though
 not  in  the  police officer's presence, when the officer has reasonable
 cause to believe that the violation was committed by such person.
   (b)  Field  testing.  Every person operating a motor vehicle which has
 been involved in [an accident] A CRASH or which is operated in violation
 of any of the provisions of this chapter shall,  at  the  request  of  a
 police officer, submit to a breath test to be administered by the police
 officer. If such test indicates that such operator has consumed alcohol,
 the  police  officer  may  request such operator to submit to a chemical
 test in the manner set forth in subdivision two of this section.
   § 84. Paragraph (f) of subdivision 5 of section 1197  of  the  vehicle
 and  traffic law, as added by chapter 47 of the laws of 1988, is amended
 to read as follows:
   (f) Obtain and  assemble  data  on  alcohol-related  [accident]  CRASH
 arrests,  convictions and [accidents] CRASHES and to analyze, study, and
 consolidate  such  data  for  educational,  research  and  informational
 purposes.
   § 85. Section 1229-a of the vehicle and traffic law, as added by chap-
 ter 654 of the laws of 1969 and as renumbered by chapter 274 of the laws
 of 1971, is amended to read as follows:
   § 1229-a. Pedestrians,  animals, and non-motorized vehicles prohibited
 on state expressway highways or state interstate route highways  includ-
 ing  the entrances thereto and exits therefrom. No person, unless other-
 wise directed by a police officer shall: (a) As a pedestrian, occupy any
 space within the limits of a state expressway highway  or  state  inter-
 state  route  highway,  including the entrances thereto and exits there-
 from, except: in a rest area, parking area, or scenic overlook;  in  the
 performance  of public works or official duties; as a result of an emer-
 gency caused by [an accident] A CRASH or breakdown of a motor vehicle or
 to obtain assistance; where a sidewalk, footpath or pedestrian  crossing
 of  such a highway is provided; (b) Occupy any space of a state express-
 way highway or state interstate route highway, including  the  entrances
 thereto  and  exits  therefrom,  with:  an  animal-drawn vehicle; herded
 animals, a pushcart; a bicycle; except  in  the  performance  of  public
 works  or official duties, or on paths or parts of such highway provided
 for such uses.
   § 86. Paragraph (b) of subdivision 2 of section 1229-b of the  vehicle
 and  traffic law, as added by chapter 19 of the laws of 2000, is amended
 to read as follows:
   (b) Notwithstanding any other provision of this section to the contra-
 ry, standing passengers may be permitted without limitation as to number
 during the first ten days of session in each school year, and in circum-
 stances where a breakdown, [accident] CRASH, or other unforeseen  occur-
 rence necessitates the transportation of standing passengers.
   §  87. Subdivision (a) of section 1602 of the vehicle and traffic law,
 as amended by chapter 498 of the laws of 1969, is  amended  to  read  as
 follows:
   (a) Whenever a police officer shall deem it advisable during a fire or
 at  the  time  of any [accident] CRASH or special emergency and only for
 such period of time as is necessitated thereby for the public safety  or
 convenience,  temporarily to close any street or part thereof to vehicu-
 lar traffic, or to vehicles of a certain description, or to  divert  the
 traffic  thereof,  or to divert or break a course of pedestrian traffic,
 such official shall have power and authority to do so.
 S. 1858                            35
 
   § 88. Subdivision 19 of section 1630 of the vehicle and  traffic  law,
 as  amended  by  chapter  795 of the laws of 1974, is amended to read as
 follows:
   19.  Vehicles  illegally  parked,  stopped  or  standing,  or vehicles
 involved in [accidents] CRASHES, including,  but  not  limited  to,  the
 removal  and storage of such vehicles, the fixing of reasonable charges,
 to be paid by the owner, operator or person entitled to possession,  for
 such  removal  and storage and for other expenses incurred in connection
 therewith, the creation of liens on such vehicles for such  charges  and
 expenses,  the enforcement of such liens, the determination of ownership
 or right to possession of such vehicles, the time before  such  vehicles
 are  deemed  abandoned vehicles pursuant to section twelve hundred twen-
 ty-four of this chapter, and the disposition of the  proceeds  of  sales
 held pursuant to said section.
   §  89.  Paragraph 20 of subdivision (a) of section 1642 of the vehicle
 and traffic law, as amended by chapter 795  of  the  laws  of  1974,  is
 amended to read as follows:
   20.  Vehicles  illegally  parked,  stopped  or  standing,  or vehicles
 involved in [accidents] CRASHES, including,  but  not  limited  to,  the
 removal  and storage of such vehicles, the fixing of reasonable charges,
 to be paid by the owner, operator or person entitled to possession,  for
 such  removal  and storage and for other expenses incurred in connection
 therewith, the creation of liens on such vehicles for such  charges  and
 expenses,  the enforcement of such liens, the determination of ownership
 or right to possession of such vehicles, the time before  such  vehicles
 are  deemed  abandoned vehicles pursuant to section twelve hundred twen-
 ty-four of this chapter, and the disposition of the  proceeds  of  sales
 held pursuant to said section.
   §  90. Clause (iii) of subparagraph (b) of paragraph 27 of subdivision
 (a) of section 1642 of the vehicle and traffic law, as amended by  chap-
 ter 248 of the laws of 2014, is amended to read as follows:
   (iii)  a  comparison  of  the  aggregate type, number, and severity of
 [accidents] CRASHES reported on streets on which street calming measures
 and lower speed limits were implemented in the year preceding the imple-
 mentation of such measures and  policies  and  the  year  following  the
 implementation  of such measures and policies, to the extent this infor-
 mation is maintained by any agency of the state or the city.
   § 91. Section 1675 of the vehicle and traffic law, as amended by chap-
 ter 669 of the laws of 1996, is amended to read as follows:
   § 1675. Functions of the board. The board is authorized:
   1. To promote and encourage street and highway traffic safety.
   2. To formulate highway safety  programs  and  coordinate  efforts  of
 interested  parties  and  agencies  engaged  in traffic safety education
 within such city, town, borough or county.
   3. To cooperate with local officials in the formulation and  execution
 of traffic safety programs and activities.
   4.  To  study  traffic  conditions  on streets and highways, study and
 analyze reports of [accidents] CRASHES and causes thereof, and recommend
 to the appropriate legislative bodies, departments or commissions,  such
 changes  in rules, orders, regulations and existing law as the board may
 deem advisable.
   5. To conduct meetings whenever and wherever the board shall  deem  it
 advisable  and  to  invite to such meetings parties and agencies, public
 and private, interested in traffic regulation, control and safety educa-
 tion.
   6. To promote safety education for drivers and pedestrians.
 S. 1858                            36
 
   7. To obtain and assemble motor vehicle [accident] CRASH data, and  to
 analyze,  study  and  consolidate such data for educational and informa-
 tional purposes.
   8.  Coordinate  and direct local activities related to the implementa-
 tion of the state highway safety program, as approved by the governor or
 his designee.
   § 92. Subdivision 10 of section 2401 of the vehicle and  traffic  law,
 as  added  by  chapter  402  of  the laws of 1986, is amended to read as
 follows:
   10. "Operation as emergency vehicle" shall mean the operation or park-
 ing of an authorized emergency ATV, police or civil defense ATV, includ-
 ing attendant equipment, displaying  emergency  lights  as  provided  in
 section twenty-four hundred six of this article and which ATV is engaged
 in transporting a sick or injured person to the nearest medical facility
 or  appropriate  site for transfer to an ambulance as defined in article
 thirty  of  the  public  health  law,  transporting  emergency   medical
 services,  personnel  and equipment to sick or injured persons, pursuing
 an actual or suspected violator of the law or responding to, or  working
 or  assisting  at  the  scene of [an accident] A CRASH, disaster, police
 call, alarm or other emergency but shall not include returning from such
 service.
   § 93. Section 2413 of the vehicle and traffic law, as added by chapter
 402 of the laws of 1986, is amended to read as follows:
   § 2413. [Accidents] CRASHES; reports.  1.  The  operator  of  any  ATV
 involved  in  any  [accident] CRASH resulting in injuries to or death of
 any person or in which property damage in the estimated  amount  of  six
 hundred dollars or more is sustained, shall immediately notify the near-
 est  law  enforcement agency and shall within ten days after such [acci-
 dent] CRASH report the matter in writing to the department, with a  copy
 thereof  to  the  sheriff  or police commissioner of the county in which
 said [accident] CRASH occurred. If such operator is physically incapable
 of making such report and there is another participant in the [accident]
 CRASH not so incapacitated such participant shall make the report within
 the allotted time after such [accident] CRASH. In the event  that  there
 is  no  other participant and the operator is other than the owner, then
 the owner shall within the prescribed period of time, after learning  of
 the facts of such [accident] CRASH, report the matter to the department,
 together  with such information as may have come to his knowledge relat-
 ing to such [accident] CRASH.  Every such operator of an ATV, or partic-
 ipant of any such [accident] CRASH, or the owner, of the ATV involved in
 any such [accident] CRASH, shall make such other and additional  reports
 as the commissioner shall require.
   2.  Whenever any ATV meets with [an accident] A CRASH involving a loss
 of life, personal injury or damage to property and the operator  thereof
 has  knowledge of such [accident] CRASH, he shall stop and give his name
 and address, the name and address of the owner thereof and the registra-
 tion number assigned to said ATV to the injured  person  or  the  person
 sustaining the damage, or to a peace or police officer. In the event the
 person  sustaining  the  damage  is  not  present at the place where the
 damage occurred, the operator shall, as soon as physically able,  report
 the same to the nearest law enforcement agency.
   3.  A  peace, police, or judicial officer who investigates or receives
 information of [an accident] A CRASH involving an ATV shall make a writ-
 ten report of the investigation or information received, and such  addi-
 tional  facts  relating to the [accident] CRASH as may come to his know-
 S. 1858                            37
 
 ledge and mail the same within forty-eight hours to the  department  and
 keep a record thereof in his office.
   4.  Failure  of  any  person to report [an accident] A CRASH as herein
 provided or failure to give correctly the information required of him by
 the commissioner in connection with such report shall be  a  misdemeanor
 and  shall  constitute  a ground for suspension or revocation of the ATV
 safety certificate of any person or the certificate of  registration  of
 any  ATV  involved in the [accident] CRASH.  The commissioner may tempo-
 rarily suspend the ATV safety certificate of the person failing to  make
 such  report  or  the certificate of registration of the ATV involved in
 the [accident] CRASH until such report has been filed.
   § 94. Section 3650-c of the education law, as added by section  71  of
 part  A  of  chapter  436  of  the  laws  of 1997, is amended to read as
 follows:
   § 3650-c. [Accident] CRASH report  data  base.  The  commissioner,  in
 consultation with the commissioner of motor vehicles, shall establish an
 electronic  data  file  containing  [accident] CRASH reports relating to
 school buses.
   § 95. Paragraph (g) of subdivision 5 and paragraph (a) of  subdivision
 6  of  section  396-z of the general business law, as amended by chapter
 109 of the laws of 2018, are amended to read as follows:
   (g) (i) For purposes of this subdivision, each of the following  shall
 constitute  an  "incident  report  form": (A) a motor vehicle [accident]
 CRASH report pursuant to section six hundred five  of  the  vehicle  and
 traffic law; or (B) any similar appropriate form furnished by the rental
 vehicle company.
   (ii)  An  incident report form described in clause (B) of subparagraph
 (i) of this paragraph:
   (A) may be sent or given to a  renter  and/or  authorized  driver,  as
 applicable,  with  a  request  that  the renter and/or authorized driver
 provide information pursuant to this  section  concerning  damage  to  a
 vehicle rented to the renter or operated by an authorized driver, as the
 case may be; and
   (B)  such  a  form may also be made available as a fill-in form on the
 rental vehicle company's website, and the renter or  authorized  driver,
 as  the  case  may be, shall be advised of the availability of such web-
 based fill-in form when a request for incident information is made under
 this subdivision.
   (a) A rental vehicle company may hold an authorized driver  liable  to
 the  extent  permitted  under  this  chapter  for physical or mechanical
 damage to the rental vehicle that occurs  during  the  time  the  rental
 vehicle  is  under  the  rental  agreement;  provided,  however, that an
 authorized driver shall not be liable for any normal wear  and  tear  or
 mechanical  damage  that could reasonably be expected from normal use of
 the vehicle. For the purposes of this subdivision, the term "normal wear
 and tear" shall mean the deterioration of the condition of  the  vehicle
 or its component parts due to repetitive use and does not include damage
 that  materially  diminishes  the value of the vehicle and arises from a
 specific occurrence or [accident] CRASH during the time the rental vehi-
 cle is subject to the rental agreement; and the term "actual and reason-
 able costs" shall mean the cost to  repair  the  vehicle  including  all
 discounts  and price adjustments available to the rental vehicle company
 and shall include costs for towing,  storage,  and  impound  fees  where
 applicable.
 S. 1858                            38
 
   §  96. Paragraph (g) of subdivision 5 and paragraph (a) of subdivision
 6 of section 369-z of the general business law, as  amended  by  chapter
 731 of the laws of 2006, are amended to read as follows:
   (g)  For  purposes  of this subdivision, an "incident report" shall be
 defined as a motor vehicle [accident] CRASH report pursuant  to  section
 six hundred five of the vehicle and traffic law or any similar appropri-
 ate form furnished by the rental vehicle company.
   (a)  A  rental vehicle company may hold an authorized driver liable to
 the extent permitted under  this  chapter  for  physical  or  mechanical
 damage  to  the  rental  vehicle  that occurs during the time the rental
 vehicle is under the rental agreement; provided, however, that a  renter
 shall  not  be  liable  for mechanical damage unrelated to an [accident]
 CRASH, nor for any normal wear and tear or other mechanical damage  that
 could  reasonably  be expected from normal use of the vehicle, except in
 instances where abuse or  neglect  by  the  driver  is  shown.  For  the
 purposes  of  this subdivision, "actual and reasonable costs" shall mean
 the repair price reduced by all discounts paid  by  the  rental  vehicle
 company  to  the  repairer  of  the vehicle, including costs for towing,
 storage, and impound fees.
   § 97. Paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 of subsection (f) of section 3420  of  the
 insurance  law,  paragraph  1  and  subparagraph  (A)  of paragraph 2 as
 amended by section 19 of part III of chapter 59 of the laws of 2019  and
 paragraph 2 as separately amended by chapters 547 and 568 of the laws of
 1997, are amended to read as follows:
   (1)  No  policy insuring against loss resulting from liability imposed
 by law for bodily injury or death suffered by any natural person arising
 out of the ownership, maintenance and use  of  a  motor  vehicle  or  an
 altered  motor  vehicle  commonly  referred  to as a "stretch limousine"
 having a seating capacity of eight or more passengers used in the  busi-
 ness  of  carrying  or  transporting passengers for hire, by the insured
 shall be issued or delivered by any authorized insurer  upon  any  motor
 vehicle  or  an altered motor vehicle commonly referred to as a "stretch
 limousine" having a seating capacity of eight or more passengers used in
 the business of carrying or transporting passengers for hire, then prin-
 cipally garaged or principally used in this state unless it  contains  a
 provision whereby the insurer agrees that it will pay to the insured, as
 defined in such provision, subject to the terms and conditions set forth
 therein  to be prescribed by the board of directors of the Motor Vehicle
 [Accident] CRASH Indemnification Corporation and approved by the  super-
 intendent,  all sums, not exceeding a maximum amount or limit of twenty-
 five thousand dollars exclusive of interest and  costs,  on  account  of
 injury to and all sums, not exceeding a maximum amount or limit of fifty
 thousand dollars exclusive of interest and costs, on account of death of
 one  person,  in  any  one  [accident]  CRASH, and the maximum amount or
 limit, subject to such limit for any one  person  so  injured  of  fifty
 thousand dollars or so killed of one hundred thousand dollars, exclusive
 of  interest  and costs, on account of injury to, or death of, more than
 one person in any one [accident] CRASH, which the insured or  his  legal
 representative  shall be entitled to recover as damages from an owner or
 operator of an uninsured motor vehicle, unidentified motor vehicle which
 leaves the scene of [an accident] A CRASH, a motor vehicle registered in
 this state as to which at the time of the [accident] CRASH there was not
 in effect a policy of liability insurance, a  stolen  vehicle,  a  motor
 vehicle operated without permission of the owner, an insured motor vehi-
 cle  where  the  insurer  disclaims  liability  or denies coverage or an
 unregistered vehicle because of  bodily  injury,  sickness  or  disease,
 S. 1858                            39
 
 including death resulting therefrom, sustained by the insured, caused by
 [accident] A CRASH occurring in this state and arising out of the owner-
 ship,  maintenance or use of such motor vehicle. No payment for non-eco-
 nomic loss shall be made under such policy provision to a covered person
 unless  such  person  has  incurred  a serious injury, as such terms are
 defined in section five thousand one hundred two of this  chapter.  Such
 policy  shall  not duplicate any element of basic economic loss provided
 for under article fifty-one of this chapter. No payments of first  party
 benefits  for  basic  economic  loss made pursuant to such article shall
 diminish the obligations of the insurer under this policy provision  for
 the  payment  of  non-economic loss and economic loss in excess of basic
 economic loss.  Notwithstanding any inconsistent provisions  of  section
 three thousand four hundred twenty-five of this article, any such policy
 which does not contain the aforesaid provisions shall be construed as if
 such provisions were embodied therein.
   (2)  (A)  Any  such  policy  shall, at the option of the insured, also
 provide supplementary  uninsured/underinsured  motorists  insurance  for
 bodily  injury, in an amount up to the bodily injury liability insurance
 limits of coverage provided under such policy, subject to a  maximum  of
 two  hundred fifty thousand dollars because of bodily injury to or death
 of one person in any one [accident] CRASH and, subject to such limit for
 one person, up to five hundred thousand dollars because of bodily injury
 to or death of two or more persons in any one  [accident]  CRASH,  or  a
 combined single limit policy of five hundred thousand dollars because of
 bodily  injury  to or death of one or more persons in any one [accident]
 CRASH; and any such policy insuring against loss resulting from  liabil-
 ity  imposed  by  law for bodily injury or death suffered by any natural
 person arising out of the ownership, maintenance, and use of an  altered
 motor  vehicle  commonly  referred  to as a "stretch limousine" having a
 seating capacity of eight or more passengers used  in  the  business  of
 carrying or transporting passengers for hire, shall provide supplementa-
 ry  uninsured/underinsured  motorists insurance for bodily injury, in an
 amount of a combined single limit of one million five  hundred  thousand
 dollars  because of bodily injury or death of one or more persons in any
 one [accident] CRASH.   Provided however, an insurer  issuing  any  such
 policy,  except  a policy insuring against loss resulting from liability
 imposed by law for bodily injury or death suffered by any natural person
 arising out of the ownership, maintenance, and use of an  altered  motor
 vehicle  commonly  referred to as a "stretch limousine" having a seating
 capacity of eight or more passengers used in the business of carrying or
 transporting passengers for hire, in lieu of offering to the insured the
 coverages stated above, may provide supplementary uninsured/underinsured
 motorists insurance for bodily injury, in an amount  up  to  the  bodily
 injury  liability insurance limits of coverage provided under such poli-
 cy, subject to a maximum of one  hundred  thousand  dollars  because  of
 bodily injury to or death of one person in any one [accident] CRASH and,
 subject  to  such  limit  for  one  person, up to three hundred thousand
 dollars because of bodily injury to or death of two or more  persons  in
 any  one  [accident]  CRASH,  or a combined single limit policy of three
 hundred thousand dollars because of bodily injury to or death of one  or
 more  persons  in  any  one [accident] CRASH, if such insurer also makes
 available a personal umbrella policy with liability coverage  limits  up
 to  at  least five hundred thousand dollars which also provides coverage
 for supplementary uninsured/underinsured motorists claims. Supplementary
 uninsured/underinsured motorists insurance shall  provide  coverage,  in
 any  state  or  Canadian  province, if the limits of liability under all
 S. 1858                            40
 
 bodily injury liability bonds and insurance policies  of  another  motor
 vehicle liable for damages are in a lesser amount than the bodily injury
 liability  insurance  limits  of  coverage provided by such policy. Upon
 written    request    by    any    insured   covered   by   supplemental
 uninsured/underinsured motorists insurance or his duly authorized repre-
 sentative and upon disclosure by the insured  of  the  insured's  bodily
 injury   and  supplemental  uninsured/underinsured  motorists  insurance
 coverage limits, the insurer of any other owner or operator  of  another
 motor  vehicle  against  which  a claim has been made for damages to the
 insured shall disclose, within forty-five days of the request, the bodi-
 ly injury liability insurance limits of its coverage provided under  the
 policy  or all bodily injury liability bonds. The time of the insured to
 make any supplementary uninsured/underinsured motorist claim,  shall  be
 tolled  during  the period the insurer of any other owner or operator of
 another motor vehicle that may be liable for  damages  to  the  insured,
 fails to so disclose its coverage. As a condition precedent to the obli-
 gation    of    the    insurer    to   pay   under   the   supplementary
 uninsured/underinsured  motorists  insurance  coverage,  the  limits  of
 liability  of  all  bodily  injury liability bonds or insurance policies
 applicable at the time of the [accident] CRASH  shall  be  exhausted  by
 payment of judgments or settlements.
   (B)  In  addition to the notice provided, upon issuance of a policy of
 motor vehicle liability insurance pursuant to regulations promulgated by
 the superintendent, insurers shall notify insureds, in writing,  of  the
 availability of supplementary uninsured/underinsured motorists coverage.
 Such   notification   shall  contain  an  explanation  of  supplementary
 uninsured/underinsured motorists coverage and the amounts  in  which  it
 can  be purchased. Subsequently, a notification of availability shall be
 provided at least once a year and may be simplified  pursuant  to  regu-
 lations  promulgated  by  the superintendent, but must include a concise
 statement that supplementary uninsured/underinsured  motorists  coverage
 is  available,  an explanation of such coverage, and the coverage limits
 that can be purchased from the insurer.
   (3) The protection provided by this subsection shall not apply to  any
 cause  of  action  by  an  insured person arising out of a motor vehicle
 [accident] CRASH occurring in this state against a person whose identity
 is unascertainable, unless the bodily injury to the insured person arose
 out of physical contact of the motor vehicle causing the injury with the
 insured person or with a motor vehicle  which  the  insured  person  was
 occupying (meaning in or upon or entering into or alighting from) at the
 time of the [accident] CRASH.
   §  97-a.  Subparagraph (A) and clause (i) of subparagraph (B) of para-
 graph 2-a of subsection (f) of section 3420 of  the  insurance  law,  as
 amended  by  chapter  15  of  the  laws  of 2018, are amended to read as
 follows:
   (A) Notwithstanding paragraph two of this subsection,  this  paragraph
 shall  apply  to  any  new  insurance policy or contract subject to this
 subsection entered into after the  effective  date  of  this  paragraph.
 This  paragraph  shall not be deemed to apply to any policies originally
 entered into prior to the effective date of this paragraph, but  renewed
 after  the effective date of this paragraph, or to any policy of commer-
 cial risk insurance. Any new insurance policy or contract  entered  into
 after  the  effective date of this paragraph shall, at the option of the
 first named insured, also provide  supplementary  uninsured/underinsured
 motorists  insurance for bodily injury, in an amount equal to the bodily
 injury liability insurance limits of coverage provided under such  motor
 S. 1858                            41
 
 vehicle  liability  insurance  policy;  provided,  however, that a first
 named insured may exercise the  choice  to  decline  such  supplementary
 uninsured/underinsured  motorists  insurance or select a lower amount of
 coverage  through  a written waiver signed, or electronically signed, by
 such insured, subject to the requirements of subparagraph  (B)  of  this
 paragraph.   Supplementary  uninsured/underinsured  motorists  insurance
 shall provide coverage, in any state or Canadian province, if the limits
 of liability under all bodily injury liability bonds and insurance poli-
 cies of any other motor vehicle liable  for  damages  are  in  a  lesser
 amount  than  the  bodily  injury liability insurance limits of coverage
 provided by such policy. Upon written request by any insured covered  by
 supplemental   uninsured/underinsured  motorists  insurance  or  a  duly
 authorized representative and upon disclosure  by  the  insured  of  the
 insured's  bodily  injury and supplemental uninsured/underinsured motor-
 ists insurance coverage limits, the insurer of any other owner or opera-
 tor of another motor vehicle against which a claim  has  been  made  for
 damages  to  the  insured  shall disclose, within forty-five days of the
 request, the bodily injury liability insurance limits  of  its  coverage
 provided under the policy or all bodily injury liability bonds. The time
 of the insured to make any supplementary uninsured/underinsured motorist
 claim,  shall be tolled during the period the insurer of any other owner
 or operator of another motor vehicle that may be liable for  damages  to
 the insured, fails to so disclose its coverage. As a condition precedent
 to  the  obligation  of  the  insurer  to  pay  under  the supplementary
 uninsured/underinsured  motorists  insurance  coverage,  the  limits  of
 liability  of  all  bodily  injury liability bonds or insurance policies
 applicable at the time of the [accident] CRASH  shall  be  exhausted  by
 payment of judgments or settlements.
   (i)    The    form    shall    also    advise    that    supplementary
 uninsured/underinsured motorists coverage (sum coverage) provides insur-
 ance protection for any person included as insured under your policy  if
 he  or  she  is injured in [an accident] A CRASH involving another motor
 vehicle whose owner or operator was negligent  but  who  has  either  no
 bodily  injury  or  liability  insurance, or less than the insurance you
 carry. Sum coverage shall be equal to the level  of  the  bodily  injury
 liability  coverage  of  your  motor  vehicle liability insurance policy
 unless you sign a waiver requesting  lower  coverage  or  declining  the
 coverage. You are urged to carefully consider this decision.
   § 97-b. Paragraph 2 of subsection (d) of section 3420 of the insurance
 law,  as  amended by chapter 388 of the laws of 2008, is amended to read
 as follows:
   (2) If under a liability policy issued or delivered in this state,  an
 insurer  shall  disclaim  liability or deny coverage for death or bodily
 injury arising out of a motor vehicle [accident] CRASH or any other type
 of [accident] CRASH occurring within this state, it shall  give  written
 notice as soon as is reasonably possible of such disclaimer of liability
 or denial of coverage to the insured and the injured person or any other
 claimant.
   §  98.  Paragraphs  2  and  3 of subsection (a) of section 5102 of the
 insurance law, paragraph 2 as amended by chapter  320  of  the  laws  of
 1991, are amended to read as follows:
   (2)  Loss  of earnings from work which the person would have performed
 had he not been injured, and reasonable and necessary expenses  incurred
 by such person in obtaining services in lieu of those that he would have
 performed  for income, up to two thousand dollars per month for not more
 than three years from the date of the [accident] CRASH causing the inju-
 S. 1858                            42
 
 ry. An employee who is entitled to receive monetary  payments,  pursuant
 to  statute  or  contract  with  the employer, or who receives voluntary
 monetary benefits paid for by the employer, by reason of the  employee's
 inability  to  work because of personal injury arising out of the use or
 operation of a motor vehicle, is not entitled  to  receive  first  party
 benefits  for "loss of earnings from work" to the extent that such mone-
 tary payments or benefits from the employer do not result in the employ-
 ee suffering a reduction in income or  a  reduction  in  the  employee's
 level of future benefits arising from a subsequent illness or injury.
   (3)  All other reasonable and necessary expenses incurred, up to twen-
 ty-five dollars per day for not more than one year from the date of  the
 [accident] CRASH causing the injury.
   § 98-a. Paragraph 1 of subsection (a) of section 5102 of the insurance
 law,  as  amended by chapter 601 of the laws of 2022, is amended to read
 as follows:
   (1)  All  necessary  expenses  incurred  for:  (i)  medical,  hospital
 (including services rendered in compliance with article forty-one of the
 public health law, whether or not such services are rendered directly by
 a  hospital),  surgical, nursing, dental, ambulance, x-ray, prescription
 drug  and  prosthetic  services;  (ii)  psychiatric,  physical   therapy
 (provided that treatment is rendered pursuant to a referral) and occupa-
 tional  therapy  and rehabilitation (provided that treatment is rendered
 pursuant to a referral); (iii) any non-medical remedial care and  treat-
 ment  rendered  in  accordance with a religious method of healing recog-
 nized by the laws of this state; and (iv) any other professional  health
 services;  all  without  limitation as to time, provided that within one
 year after the date of the [accident] CRASH causing  the  injury  it  is
 ascertainable  that  further expenses may be incurred as a result of the
 injury. For the purpose of determining basic economic loss, the expenses
 incurred under this paragraph shall be in accordance  with  the  limita-
 tions of section five thousand one hundred eight of this article.
   §  99.  Paragraph 1 of subsection (d) of section 5106 of the insurance
 law, as amended by section 8 of part AAA of chapter 59 of  the  laws  of
 2017, is amended to read as follows:
   (1)  Except  as  provided  in  paragraph two of this subsection, where
 there is reasonable belief more than one insurer would be the source  of
 first  party benefits, the insurers may agree among themselves, if there
 is a valid basis therefor, that one of them  will  accept  and  pay  the
 claim  initially.  If there is no such agreement, then the first insurer
 to whom notice of claim is given shall be responsible for  payment.  Any
 such dispute shall be resolved in accordance with the arbitration proce-
 dures  established pursuant to section five thousand one hundred five of
 this article and regulations as promulgated by the  superintendent,  and
 any  insurer  paying  first-party  benefits shall be reimbursed by other
 insurers for their proportionate share of the costs of the claim and the
 allocated expenses of processing  the  claim,  in  accordance  with  the
 provisions  entitled  "other  coverage"  contained in regulation and the
 provisions entitled "other sources of first-party benefits" contained in
 regulation. If there is no such insurer and the motor vehicle [accident]
 CRASH occurs in this state, then an applicant who is a qualified  person
 as  defined  in  article  fifty-two  of this chapter shall institute the
 claim against the motor vehicle [accident] CRASH indemnification  corpo-
 ration.
   §  100.  The  article  heading  of  article 52 of the insurance law is
 amended to read as follows:
 S. 1858                            43
 
              MOTOR VEHICLE [ACCIDENT] CRASH INDEMNIFICATION
                                CORPORATION
   §  101.  Subsections  (f) and (j) of section 5202 of the insurance law
 are amended to read as follows:
   (f) "Corporation" means the "motor vehicle [accident] CRASH indemnifi-
 cation corporation".
   (j) "Financially irresponsible motorist" means the owner, operator, or
 other person legally responsible for the operation of an uninsured motor
 vehicle involved in [an accident] A CRASH resulting in  personal  injury
 or death who did not have in effect at the time of such [accident] CRASH
 either:
   (1)  a  valid  and  collectible  policy of bodily injury liability and
 property damage liability insurance or bond with  applicable  limits  at
 least  equal  to  those specified in section three hundred eleven of the
 vehicle and traffic law; or
   (2) a certificate of self insurance issued by the department of  motor
 vehicles  pursuant  to  section three hundred sixteen of the vehicle and
 traffic law; or
   (3) who has not otherwise complied  with  the  provisions  of  section
 three hundred twelve of the vehicle and traffic law; or
   (4) who does not have in effect at the time of such [accident] CRASH a
 valid  and  collectible  policy  of bodily injury liability and property
 damage liability insurance with applicable  limits  at  least  equal  to
 those  specified  in section 25.13 of the parks, recreation and historic
 preservation law.
   § 102. Subsection (f) of section 7602 of the insurance law is  amended
 to read as follows:
   (f) "Motor  vehicle  [accident]  CRASH"  means  either [an accident] A
 CRASH occurring within or without this state arising out of  the  owner-
 ship,  operation  or maintenance of a motor vehicle which is principally
 garaged in this state or [an accident] A  CRASH  occurring  within  this
 state  arising out of the ownership, operation or maintenance of a motor
 vehicle which is not principally garaged in this state.
   § 103. Section 301-c of the military law, as added by chapter  489  of
 the laws of 2011, is amended to read as follows:
   §  301-c. [Accident] CRASH prevention course information. The division
 of military and naval affairs shall  provide  returning  servicemen  and
 women  who  have  returned from a combat theater or combat zone of oper-
 ations  with  information  about  [accident]  CRASH  prevention  courses
 approved  by  the  commissioner  of  motor  vehicles pursuant to article
 twelve-B of the  vehicle  and  traffic  law.  This  information  may  be
 provided  in written form to be available at Yellow Ribbon Reintegration
 programs or any other reintegration programs offered by the division  or
 may  be  made  available  online on the division's website. The division
 shall also provide a link to the department of  motor  vehicles  website
 pages  containing  information  about  the  [accident]  CRASH prevention
 courses.
   § 104. Paragraph (e-1) of subdivision 2 of section 65.10 of the  penal
 law,  as added by chapter 571 of the laws of 2006, is amended to read as
 follows:
   (e-1) Participate in  a  motor  vehicle  [accident]  CRASH  prevention
 course.  The  court  may  require such condition where a person has been
 convicted of a traffic infraction for a violation of article  twenty-six
 of  the  vehicle  and traffic law where the commission of such violation
 caused the serious physical injury  or  death  of  another  person.  For
 purposes  of  this  paragraph,  the term "motor vehicle [accident] CRASH
 S. 1858                            44
 
 prevention  course"  shall  mean  a  motor  vehicle   [accident]   CRASH
 prevention  course approved by the department of motor vehicles pursuant
 to article twelve-B of the vehicle and traffic law;
   §  105. Section 387 of the public authorities law, as added by chapter
 700 of the laws of 2004, is amended to read as follows:
   § 387. Fees for searches and copies of [accident] CRASH and [accident]
 CRASH reconstruction reports.  Notwithstanding  any  other  law  to  the
 contrary,  the  fees  for searching the records of the authority for [an
 accident] A CRASH report, for furnishing a copy of [an accident] A CRASH
 report, and for furnishing a  copy  of  [an  accident]  A  CRASH  recon-
 struction  report  shall  not exceed the fees charged by the division of
 state police pursuant to section sixty-six-a of the public officers  law
 and/or  by  the  department  of  motor  vehicles pursuant to section two
 hundred two of the vehicle and traffic law, provided, however,  that  no
 fee  shall be charged to any public officer, board or body, or volunteer
 fire company, for searches or copies of [accident] CRASH reports  to  be
 used for a public purpose.
   §  106. Section 66-a of the public officers law, as amended by chapter
 169 of the laws of 1994 and subdivision 3 as added by chapter 179 of the
 laws of 2000, is amended to read as follows:
   § 66-a. [Accident] CRASH reports kept by police authorities to be open
 to the inspection of persons interested. 1. Notwithstanding  any  incon-
 sistent  provisions of law, general, special or local, or any limitation
 contained in the provision of any city charter, all reports and  records
 of  any  [accident]  CRASH, kept or maintained by the state police or by
 the police department or force of any county,  city,  town,  village  or
 other  district  of  the  state,  shall be open to the inspection of any
 person having an interest therein,  or  of  such  person's  attorney  or
 agent,  even though the state or a municipal corporation or other subdi-
 vision thereof may have been involved in the  [accident]  CRASH;  except
 that  the  authorities  having  custody  of  such reports or records may
 prescribe reasonable rules and regulations in regard  to  the  time  and
 manner  of such inspection, and may withhold from inspection any reports
 or records the disclosure of which would  interfere  with  the  investi-
 gation  or  prosecution  by  such  authorities of a crime involved in or
 connected with the [accident] CRASH.
   2. Notwithstanding the  provisions  of  section  twenty-three  hundred
 seven  of  the civil practice law and rules, the public officers law, or
 any other law to the contrary, the division of state police shall charge
 fees for the search and copy of  [accident]  CRASH  reports  and  photo-
 graphs.  A  search  fee  of  fifteen dollars per [accident] CRASH report
 shall be charged, with no additional fee for a photocopy. An  additional
 fee  of  fifteen  dollars  shall  be charged for a certified copy of any
 [accident] CRASH report. A fee of twenty-five dollars per photograph  or
 contact  sheet  shall  be  charged.   The fees for investigative reports
 shall be the same as those for [accident] CRASH reports.
   3. Notwithstanding the  provisions  of  section  twenty-three  hundred
 seven  of  the  civil practice law and rules, this chapter, or any other
 law to the contrary, the county of Nassau, upon adoption of a local law,
 is hereby authorized to require the police department of the  county  of
 Nassau  to  charge  fees  for  the  search  and copy of [accident] CRASH
 reports and photographs. A search fee  of  ten  dollars  per  [accident]
 CRASH  report  shall be charged, with no additional fee for a photocopy.
 An additional fee of ten dollars shall be charged for a  certified  copy
 of  any [accident] CRASH report. A fee of fifteen dollars per photograph
 S. 1858                            45
 
 or contact sheet shall be charged. The fees  for  investigative  reports
 shall be the same as those for [accident] CRASH reports.
   §  107. Section 89-g of the state finance law, as added by chapter 751
 of the laws of 2005, subdivisions 2 and 3 as renumbered by section 2  of
 part D of chapter 58 of the laws of 2016, is amended to read as follows:
   §  89-g.  [Accident] CRASH prevention course internet, and other tech-
 nology pilot program fund. 1. There is hereby established in  the  joint
 custody  of  the  state comptroller and the commissioner of taxation and
 finance a special fund to be known as the "[accident]  CRASH  prevention
 course internet, and other technology pilot program fund".
   2.  The moneys in the [accident] CRASH prevention course internet, and
 other technology pilot program fund shall be kept separate and shall not
 be commingled with any other moneys in the custody of  the  commissioner
 of taxation and finance and the state comptroller.
   3.  The moneys in such fund shall be expended only for the purposes of
 administering and implementing the provisions of article twelve-C of the
 vehicle and traffic law by the department of motor vehicles.
   § 108. Section 217 of the transportation law, as added by chapter  428
 of  the  laws  of 1983, subdivision 5 as amended, subdivision 7 as added
 and subdivision 8 as renumbered by chapter 84 of the laws  of  1985  and
 subdivision  9 as added by section 1 of part C of chapter 58 of the laws
 of 2018, is amended to read as follows:
   § 217. Powers and duties of  the  board.  The  board  shall  have  the
 following powers and duties:
   1. To investigate [accidents] CRASHES occurring on or involving public
 transportation facilities or systems whether publicly or privately owned
 and report on the results of such investigations;
   2.  To  establish  within  the  board  [an accident] A CRASH reporting
 procedure and file for the purpose of accurate analysis of public trans-
 portation safety and to prepare an annual [accident]  CRASH  report  for
 the governor and the legislature;
   3.  To  review,  in  connection  with the investigation of [accidents]
 CRASHES, the safety, maintenance and training programs of public  trans-
 portation  facilities or systems whether publicly or privately owned and
 recommend  the  establishment  of  equipment  and  safety  standards  in
 connection therewith;
   4.  To  adopt,  promulgate, amend and rescind suitable rules and regu-
 lations to carry out the provisions and purposes of this article  or  to
 enforce any standards established hereunder;
   5.  To hold hearings, issue reports, administer oaths or affirmations,
 examine any person under oath or  affirmation  and  to  issue  subpoenas
 requiring  the  attendance  and  giving  of  testimony  of witnesses and
 require the production  of  any  books,  papers,  documentary  or  other
 evidence.  The  powers  provided in this subdivision may be delegated by
 the board to any member of the board or department employee assigned  to
 the  board.  A subpoena issued under this subdivision shall be regulated
 by the civil practice law and rules;
   6. To take or cause to be taken affidavits or  depositions  within  or
 without the state;
   7. To enter upon any property where a public transportation [accident]
 CRASH  has  occurred,  or  where  a  vehicle, appurtenance or other item
 involved in any  such  [accident]  CRASH  is  located,  to  fulfill  the
 requirements of article nine-b of this chapter.
   8.  To render each year to the governor and to the legislature a writ-
 ten report of its activities.
 S. 1858                            46
 
   9. To enforce the requirements of section five thousand three  hundred
 twenty-nine  of  title  forty-nine of the United States Code, as amended
 from time to time, as it pertains to oversight of  rail  fixed  guideway
 public transportation systems.
   § 109. Wherever the term "accident" or any equivalent expression ther-
 eof  is  used  in  any  provision  of the vehicle and traffic law or the
 insurance law, such term shall be deemed to mean and refer to "crash" or
 variation thereof.
   § 110. This act shall  take  effect  immediately;  provided,  however,
 that:
   a. the amendments to article 12-C of the vehicle and traffic law, made
 by  sections  forty-two through forty-seven of this act shall not affect
 the repeal of such article and shall be deemed repealed therewith;
   b. the amendments to paragraphs 2 and 3 of subdivision (m) of  section
 1111-a  of  the  vehicle  and traffic law made by section seventy-one of
 this act shall not affect the repeal of such section and shall be deemed
 repealed therewith;
   c. the amendments to paragraphs 2 and 3 of subdivision (n) of  section
 1111-b  of  the  vehicle  and traffic law made by section seventy-two of
 this act shall not affect the repeal of such section and shall be deemed
 repealed therewith;
   d. the amendments to paragraphs 2 and 3 of subdivision (m) of  section
 1111-b  of  the vehicle and traffic law made by section seventy-three of
 this act shall not affect the repeal of such section and shall be deemed
 repealed therewith;
   e. the amendments to paragraphs 2 and 3 of subdivision (n) of  section
 1111-b  of  the  vehicle and traffic law made by section seventy-four of
 this act shall not affect the repeal of such section and shall be deemed
 repealed therewith;
   f. the amendments to paragraphs 2 and 3 of subdivision (m) of  section
 1111-d  of  the  vehicle and traffic law made by section seventy-five of
 this act shall not affect the repeal of such section and shall be deemed
 repealed therewith;
   g. the amendments to paragraphs 2 and 3 of subdivision (m) of  section
 1111-d  of  the  vehicle  and traffic law made by section seventy-six of
 this act shall not affect the repeal of such section and shall be deemed
 repealed therewith;
   h. the amendments to paragraphs 2 and 3 of subdivision (m) of  section
 1111-d  of  the vehicle and traffic law made by section seventy-seven of
 this act shall not affect the repeal of such section and shall be deemed
 repealed therewith;
   i. the amendments to paragraph (g) of subdivision 5 and paragraph  (a)
 of  subdivision  6  of section 396-z of the general business law made by
 section ninety-five of this act shall be subject to the  expiration  and
 reversion  of  such  section pursuant to section 4 of chapter 109 of the
 laws of 2018, as amended, when upon such date the provisions of  section
 ninety-six of this act shall take effect;
   j.  the  amendments to paragraph 2-a of subsection (f) of section 3420
 of the insurance law made by section ninety-seven-a of  this  act  shall
 not  affect  the repeal of such subdivision and shall be deemed repealed
 therewith;
   k. if chapter 601 of the laws of 2022 shall not have taken  effect  on
 or  before  such date then section ninety-eight-a of this act shall take
 effect on the same date and in the same manner as such  chapter  of  the
 laws of 2022 takes effect;
 S. 1858                            47
 
   l. the amendments to subdivision 3 of section 66-a of the public offi-
 cers  law  made  by section one hundred six of this act shall not affect
 the repeal of such subdivision and shall be deemed  repealed  therewith;
 and
   m.  the  amendments  to  section 89-g of the state finance law made by
 section one hundred seven of this act shall not  affect  the  repeal  of
 such section and shall be deemed repealed therewith.