S T A T E   O F   N E W   Y O R K
 ________________________________________________________________________
 
                                   4523
 
                        2025-2026 Regular Sessions
 
                           I N  A S S E M B L Y
 
                             February 4, 2025
                                ___________
 
 Introduced  by  M.  of  A.  CUNNINGHAM,  BICHOTTE HERMELYN, LEE, DAVILA,
   TAPIA,  GONZALEZ-ROJAS,  HYNDMAN,  TAYLOR,  BORES  --  read  once  and
   referred to the Committee on Transportation
 
 AN  ACT  to  amend  the  vehicle  and  traffic law, in relation to owner
   liability for failure of an operator to comply  with  street  cleaning
   parking rules; to amend the public officers law, in relation to access
   to  records  prepared  pursuant  to street cleaning parking rules; and
   providing for the repeal of certain provisions upon expiration thereof
 
   THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, REPRESENTED IN SENATE AND  ASSEM-
 BLY, DO ENACT AS FOLLOWS:
 
   Section  1.  The  vehicle  and  traffic law is amended by adding a new
 section 1111-i to read as follows:
   § 1111-I. OWNER LIABILITY FOR FAILURE OF AN OPERATOR  TO  COMPLY  WITH
 STREET   CLEANING  PARKING  RULES.  (A)  1.  NOTWITHSTANDING  ANY  OTHER
 PROVISION OF LAW, THE CITY OF NEW YORK IS HEREBY AUTHORIZED TO ESTABLISH
 A DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM IMPOSING MONETARY LIABILITY ON THE  OWNER  OF  A
 VEHICLE  FOR FAILURE OF AN OPERATOR THEREOF TO COMPLY WITH POSTED STREET
 CLEANING PARKING RULES IN SUCH CITY IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE PROVISIONS OF
 THIS SECTION.  SUCH DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM SHALL  EMPOWER  THE  NEW  YORK
 CITY  DEPARTMENT  OF SANITATION TO INSTALL STREET CLEANING VEHICLE PHOTO
 DEVICES ON STREET CLEANING VEHICLES  ALONG  STREET  CLEANING  ROUTES  AT
 LOCATIONS  DETERMINED  BY SUCH DEPARTMENT IN SUCH CITY AND TO ADMINISTER
 SUCH PROGRAM IN CONSULTATION WITH THE NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF TRANS-
 PORTATION.
   2. ANY PHOTOGRAPHS,  MICROPHOTOGRAPHS,  VIDEOTAPE  OR  OTHER  RECORDED
 IMAGES  CAPTURED BY STREET CLEANING VEHICLE PHOTO DEVICES SHALL BE INAD-
 MISSIBLE IN ANY DISCIPLINARY PROCEEDING CONVENED BY THE  DEPARTMENT  AND
 ANY  PROCEEDING  INITIATED  BY THE DEPARTMENT INVOLVING LICENSURE PRIVI-
 LEGES OF STREET CLEANING VEHICLE OPERATORS. ANY STREET CLEANING  VEHICLE
 PHOTO  DEVICE  MOUNTED  ON  A  STREET CLEANING VEHICLE SHALL BE DIRECTED
 OUTWARDLY FROM SUCH VEHICLE TO CAPTURE IMAGES OF  VEHICLES  OPERATED  IN
 
  EXPLANATION--Matter in ITALICS (underscored) is new; matter in brackets
                       [ ] is old law to be omitted.
                                                            LBD05516-01-5
              

 A. 4523                             2
 
 VIOLATION  OF STREET CLEANING PARKING RULES, AND IMAGES PRODUCED BY SUCH
 DEVICE SHALL NOT BE USED FOR ANY OTHER PURPOSE IN THE ABSENCE OF A COURT
 ORDER REQUIRING SUCH IMAGES TO BE PRODUCED.
   3. NO STREET CLEANING VEHICLE PHOTO DEVICE SHALL BE USED UNLESS ON THE
 DAY IT IS TO BE USED IT HAS SUCCESSFULLY PASSED A SELF-TEST OF ITS FUNC-
 TIONS.
   4. (I) SUCH DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM SHALL UTILIZE NECESSARY TECHNOLOGIES
 TO  ENSURE,  TO  THE  EXTENT  PRACTICABLE, THAT PHOTOGRAPHS, MICROPHOTO-
 GRAPHS,  VIDEOTAPE  OR  OTHER  RECORDED  IMAGES  PRODUCED BY SUCH STREET
 CLEANING VEHICLE PHOTO DEVICE SHALL NOT INCLUDE IMAGES THAT IDENTIFY THE
 DRIVER, THE PASSENGERS, OR THE  CONTENTS  OF  THE  VEHICLE.    PROVIDED,
 HOWEVER,  THAT  NO  NOTICE  OF LIABILITY ISSUED PURSUANT TO THIS SECTION
 SHALL BE DISMISSED SOLELY BECAUSE SUCH  A  PHOTOGRAPH,  MICROPHOTOGRAPH,
 VIDEOTAPE  OR  OTHER RECORDED IMAGE ALLOWS FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE
 DRIVER, THE PASSENGERS, OR THE CONTENTS OF VEHICLES WHERE THE CITY SHOWS
 THAT IT MADE REASONABLE EFFORTS TO COMPLY WITH THE  PROVISIONS  OF  THIS
 PARAGRAPH IN SUCH CASE.
   (II)  PHOTOGRAPHS,  MICROPHOTOGRAPHS,  VIDEOTAPE OR ANY OTHER RECORDED
 IMAGE FROM A STREET CLEANING VEHICLE PHOTO DEVICE SHALL   BE   FOR   THE
 EXCLUSIVE USE OF THE CITY FOR THE PURPOSE OF THE ADJUDICATION OF LIABIL-
 ITY IMPOSED PURSUANT TO THIS SECTION AND OF THE OWNER RECEIVING A NOTICE
 OF  LIABILITY  PURSUANT  TO  THIS SECTION, AND SHALL BE DESTROYED BY THE
 CITY UPON THE FINAL RESOLUTION OF THE NOTICE OF LIABILITY TO WHICH  SUCH
 PHOTOGRAPHS,   MICROPHOTOGRAPHS,  VIDEOTAPE  OR  OTHER  RECORDED  IMAGES
 RELATE, OR ONE YEAR FOLLOWING THE DATE OF ISSUANCE  OF  SUCH  NOTICE  OF
 LIABILITY,  WHICHEVER  IS  LATER.  NOTWITHSTANDING THE PROVISIONS OF ANY
 OTHER  LAW, RULE OR REGULATION TO THE CONTRARY, PHOTOGRAPHS, MICROPHOTO-
 GRAPHS,  VIDEOTAPE  OR  ANY  OTHER   RECORDED   IMAGE   FROM   A  STREET
 CLEANING  VEHICLE  PHOTO  DEVICE  SHALL  NOT  BE OPEN TO THE PUBLIC, NOR
 SUBJECT TO CIVIL OR CRIMINAL PROCESS OR DISCOVERY, NOR   USED   BY   ANY
 COURT  OR ADMINISTRATIVE  OR ADJUDICATORY BODY IN ANY ACTION OR PROCEED-
 ING THEREIN EXCEPT THAT WHICH IS NECESSARY FOR  THE  ADJUDICATION  OF  A
 NOTICE    OF LIABILITY   ISSUED   PURSUANT   TO   THIS  SECTION,  AND NO
 PUBLIC ENTITY OR EMPLOYEE, OFFICER OR AGENT   THEREOF   SHALL   DISCLOSE
 SUCH    INFORMATION, EXCEPT   THAT   SUCH PHOTOGRAPHS, MICROPHOTOGRAPHS,
 VIDEOTAPE OR ANY OTHER RECORDED IMAGES FROM SUCH DEVICES:
   (A) SHALL BE AVAILABLE FOR INSPECTION AND COPYING AND USE BY THE MOTOR
 VEHICLE OWNER AND OPERATOR FOR SO LONG AS SUCH PHOTOGRAPHS,  MICROPHOTO-
 GRAPHS, VIDEOTAPE OR OTHER RECORDED IMAGES ARE REQUIRED TO BE MAINTAINED
 OR ARE MAINTAINED BY SUCH PUBLIC ENTITY, EMPLOYEE, OFFICER OR AGENT; AND
   (B) (1) SHALL BE FURNISHED WHEN DESCRIBED IN A SEARCH  WARRANT  ISSUED
 BY A COURT AUTHORIZED TO ISSUE SUCH A SEARCH WARRANT PURSUANT TO ARTICLE
 SIX  HUNDRED  NINETY  OF  THE  CRIMINAL PROCEDURE LAW OR A FEDERAL COURT
 AUTHORIZED TO ISSUE SUCH A SEARCH WARRANT UNDER FEDERAL LAW, WHERE  SUCH
 SEARCH  WARRANT  STATES  THAT  THERE IS REASONABLE CAUSE TO BELIEVE SUCH
 INFORMATION CONSTITUTES EVIDENCE OF, OR TENDS  TO  DEMONSTRATE  THAT,  A
 MISDEMEANOR  OR  FELONY  OFFENSE  WAS COMMITTED IN THIS STATE OR ANOTHER
 STATE, OR THAT A PARTICULAR PERSON PARTICIPATED IN THE COMMISSION  OF  A
 MISDEMEANOR  OR FELONY OFFENSE IN THIS STATE OR ANOTHER STATE, PROVIDED,
 HOWEVER, THAT IF SUCH OFFENSE WAS AGAINST THE LAWS OF ANOTHER STATE, THE
 COURT SHALL ONLY ISSUE A WARRANT IF THE CONDUCT COMPRISING SUCH  OFFENSE
 WOULD,  IF  OCCURRING  IN THIS STATE, CONSTITUTE A MISDEMEANOR OR FELONY
 AGAINST THE LAWS OF THIS STATE; AND
   (2) SHALL BE FURNISHED IN RESPONSE TO A SUBPOENA DUCES TECUM SIGNED BY
 A JUDGE OF COMPETENT JURISDICTION AND ISSUED  PURSUANT  TO  ARTICLE  SIX
 HUNDRED  TEN OF THE CRIMINAL PROCEDURE LAW OR A JUDGE OR MAGISTRATE OF A
 A. 4523                             3

 FEDERAL COURT AUTHORIZED TO ISSUE SUCH  A  SUBPOENA  DUCES  TECUM  UNDER
 FEDERAL LAW, WHERE THE JUDGE FINDS AND THE SUBPOENA STATES THAT THERE IS
 REASONABLE CAUSE TO BELIEVE SUCH INFORMATION IS RELEVANT AND MATERIAL TO
 THE  PROSECUTION,  OR THE DEFENSE, OR THE INVESTIGATION BY AN AUTHORIZED
 LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICIAL, OF THE ALLEGED COMMISSION OF A MISDEMEANOR  OR
 FELONY  IN  THIS STATE OR ANOTHER STATE, PROVIDED, HOWEVER, THAT IF SUCH
 OFFENSE WAS AGAINST THE LAWS OF ANOTHER STATE, SUCH JUDGE OR  MAGISTRATE
 SHALL  ONLY  ISSUE  SUCH SUBPOENA IF THE CONDUCT COMPRISING SUCH OFFENSE
 WOULD, IF OCCURRING IN THIS STATE, CONSTITUTE A MISDEMEANOR OR FELONY IN
 THIS STATE; AND
   (3) MAY, IF LAWFULLY OBTAINED PURSUANT TO THIS CLAUSE AND  CLAUSE  (A)
 OF  THIS SUBPARAGRAPH AND OTHERWISE ADMISSIBLE, BE USED IN SUCH CRIMINAL
 ACTION OR PROCEEDING.
   5.  EVERY STREET CLEANING VEHICLE UPON WHICH A STREET CLEANING VEHICLE
 PHOTO DEVICE IS INSTALLED  AND  OPERATED  PURSUANT  TO  A  DEMONSTRATION
 PROGRAM  AUTHORIZED  PURSUANT  TO  THIS  SECTION  SHALL BE EQUIPPED WITH
 SIGNS, PLACARDS OR OTHER DISPLAYS GIVING  NOTICE  TO  APPROACHING  MOTOR
 VEHICLE OPERATORS THAT STREET CLEANING VEHICLE PHOTO DEVICES ARE USED TO
 ENFORCE STREET CLEANING PARKING RULES.
   6. WARNING NOTICES OF VIOLATION SHALL BE ISSUED DURING THE FIRST SIXTY
 DAYS  THAT  STREET  CLEANING  VEHICLE PHOTO DEVICES PURSUANT TO A DEMON-
 STRATION PROGRAM AUTHORIZED BY THIS SECTION ARE ACTIVE AND IN OPERATION.
   7. THE CITY OF NEW YORK SHALL ADOPT AND ENFORCE MEASURES:
   (I) TO UPGRADE SIGNAGE AT REGULAR  INTERVALS  WITHIN  STREET  CLEANING
 ROUTES  STATING  THAT  STREET CLEANING VEHICLE PHOTO DEVICES ARE USED TO
 ENFORCE STREET CLEANING PARKING RULES ALONG SUCH ROUTES; AND
   (II) TO PROHIBIT THE USE OR DISSEMINATION OF VEHICLES'  LICENSE  PLATE
 INFORMATION AND OTHER INFORMATION AND IMAGES CAPTURED BY STREET CLEANING
 VEHICLE  PHOTO  DEVICES  EXCEPT:  (A) AS REQUIRED TO ESTABLISH LIABILITY
 UNDER THIS SECTION OR COLLECT PAYMENT OF PENALTIES; (B) AS  REQUIRED  BY
 COURT ORDER; OR (C) AS OTHERWISE REQUIRED BY LAW.
   (B)  IF  THE  CITY  OF  NEW YORK HAS ESTABLISHED A PROGRAM PURSUANT TO
 SUBDIVISION (A) OF THIS SECTION, THE OWNER OF A VEHICLE SHALL BE  LIABLE
 FOR  A  PENALTY  IMPOSED  PURSUANT  TO  THIS SECTION IF SUCH VEHICLE WAS
 PARKED IN VIOLATION OF ANY STREET CLEANING PARKING RULE OF SUCH CITY AND
 SUCH VIOLATION IS EVIDENCED BY INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM A STREET CLEAN-
 ING VEHICLE PHOTO DEVICE.
   (C) FOR PURPOSES OF THIS SECTION, THE FOLLOWING TERMS SHALL  HAVE  THE
 FOLLOWING MEANINGS:
   1. "MANUAL ON UNIFORM TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES" OR "MUTCD"  SHALL  MEAN
 THE  MANUAL  AND  SPECIFICATIONS FOR A UNIFORM SYSTEM OF TRAFFIC CONTROL
 DEVICES MAINTAINED BY THE COMMISSIONER  OF  TRANSPORTATION  PURSUANT  TO
 SECTION SIXTEEN HUNDRED EIGHTY OF THIS CHAPTER.
   2.  "OWNER"  SHALL  HAVE THE MEANING PROVIDED IN ARTICLE TWO-B OF THIS
 CHAPTER.
   3. "STREET CLEANING ROUTES" SHALL MEAN STREET CLEANING  ROUTES  DESIG-
 NATED  BY  THE  NEW  YORK  CITY  DEPARTMENT  OF  SANITATION THAT INCLUDE
 UPGRADED SIGNAGE STATING THAT STREET CLEANING VEHICLE PHOTO DEVICES  ARE
 USED TO ENFORCE STREET CLEANING PARKING RULES.
   4.  "STREET  CLEANING PARKING RULES" SHALL MEAN THE PROHIBITED PARKING
 OF ANY VEHICLE ON ONE SIDE OF THE STREET TO ALLOW FOR  CLEANING  BY  THE
 NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF SANITATION DURING DESIGNATED TIME PERIODS AS
 POSTED  BY SIGN PURSUANT TO THE RULES OF THE NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF
 TRANSPORTATION.
 A. 4523                             4
 
   5. "STREET CLEANING VEHICLE" SHALL MEAN ANY VEHICLE  OPERATED  BY  THE
 NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF SANITATION THAT IS DESIGNED TO WASH DIRT AND
 GRIME, AND REMOVE LITTER AND DEBRIS, FROM THE STREET SURFACE.
   6.  "STREET CLEANING VEHICLE PHOTO DEVICE" SHALL MEAN A DEVICE THAT IS
 MOUNTED ON A STREET CLEANING VEHICLE, IS CAPABLE OF OPERATING  INDEPEND-
 ENTLY  OF AN ENFORCEMENT OFFICER AND PRODUCES ONE OR MORE IMAGES OF EACH
 VEHICLE AT THE TIME IT IS IN VIOLATION OF STREET CLEANING PARKING RULES.
   (D) A CERTIFICATE, SWORN TO OR AFFIRMED BY A  TECHNICIAN  EMPLOYED  BY
 THE  CITY  OF  NEW  YORK  IN  WHICH THE CHARGED VIOLATION OCCURRED, OR A
 FACSIMILE THEREOF, BASED UPON  INSPECTION  OF  PHOTOGRAPHS,  MICROPHOTO-
 GRAPHS, VIDEOTAPE OR OTHER RECORDED IMAGES PRODUCED BY A STREET CLEANING
 VEHICLE  PHOTO  DEVICE,  SHALL  BE  PRIMA  FACIE  EVIDENCE  OF THE FACTS
 CONTAINED THEREIN. ANY PHOTOGRAPHS, MICROPHOTOGRAPHS, VIDEOTAPE OR OTHER
 RECORDED IMAGES EVIDENCING SUCH  A  VIOLATION  SHALL  BE  AVAILABLE  FOR
 INSPECTION  IN  ANY  PROCEEDING  TO  ADJUDICATE  THE  LIABILITY FOR SUCH
 VIOLATION PURSUANT TO THIS SECTION.
   (E) AN OWNER LIABLE FOR A VIOLATION OF A STREET CLEANING PARKING  RULE
 IMPOSED  ON  ANY ROUTE SHALL BE LIABLE FOR MONETARY PENALTIES IN ACCORD-
 ANCE WITH A SCHEDULE OF FINES AND PENALTIES PROMULGATED BY  THE  PARKING
 VIOLATIONS  BUREAU  OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK; PROVIDED, HOWEVER, THAT THE
 MONETARY PENALTY FOR VIOLATING A STREET CLEANING PARKING RULE SHALL  NOT
 EXCEED  FIFTY  DOLLARS  FOR  EACH  VIOLATION; PROVIDED, FURTHER, THAT AN
 OWNER SHALL BE LIABLE FOR AN ADDITIONAL PENALTY NOT  TO  EXCEED  TWENTY-
 FIVE  DOLLARS  FOR EACH VIOLATION FOR THE FAILURE TO RESPOND TO A NOTICE
 OF LIABILITY WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME PERIOD.
   (F) AN IMPOSITION OF LIABILITY UNDER THE DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM  ESTAB-
 LISHED  PURSUANT  TO THIS SECTION SHALL NOT BE DEEMED A CONVICTION AS AN
 OPERATOR AND SHALL NOT BE MADE PART  OF  THE  OPERATING  RECORD  OF  THE
 PERSON  UPON  WHOM  SUCH  LIABILITY  IS IMPOSED NOR SHALL IT BE USED FOR
 INSURANCE PURPOSES IN THE PROVISION OF MOTOR VEHICLE INSURANCE COVERAGE.
   (G) 1. A NOTICE OF LIABILITY SHALL BE SENT BY FIRST CLASS MAIL TO EACH
 PERSON ALLEGED TO BE LIABLE AS AN OWNER FOR  A  VIOLATION  OF  A  STREET
 CLEANING  PARKING  RULE.  PERSONAL  DELIVERY  ON  THE OWNER SHALL NOT BE
 REQUIRED. A MANUAL OR AUTOMATIC RECORD OF MAILING PREPARED IN THE  ORDI-
 NARY  COURSE  OF  BUSINESS  SHALL  BE  PRIMA FACIE EVIDENCE OF THE FACTS
 CONTAINED THEREIN.
   2. A NOTICE OF LIABILITY SHALL CONTAIN THE NAME  AND  ADDRESS  OF  THE
 PERSON ALLEGED TO BE LIABLE AS AN OWNER FOR VIOLATION OF A STREET CLEAN-
 ING  PARKING  RULE,  THE  REGISTRATION NUMBER OF THE VEHICLE INVOLVED IN
 SUCH VIOLATION, THE LOCATION WHERE SUCH VIOLATION TOOK  PLACE  INCLUDING
 THE  STREET  OR  CROSS  STREETS,  ONE  OR  MORE  IMAGES  IDENTIFYING THE
 VIOLATION, THE DATE AND TIME OF SUCH VIOLATION  AND  THE  IDENTIFICATION
 NUMBER  OF  THE  STREET  CLEANING VEHICLE PHOTO DEVICE THAT RECORDED THE
 VIOLATION OR OTHER DOCUMENT LOCATOR NUMBER.
   3. THE NOTICE OF LIABILITY  SHALL  CONTAIN  INFORMATION  ADVISING  THE
 PERSON  CHARGED  OF  THE  MANNER  AND  THE TIME IN WHICH SUCH PERSON MAY
 CONTEST THE LIABILITY ALLEGED IN THE NOTICE. SUCH  NOTICE  OF  LIABILITY
 SHALL  ALSO  CONTAIN A WARNING TO ADVISE THE PERSON CHARGED THAT FAILURE
 TO CONTEST IN THE MANNER AND TIME PROVIDED SHALL BE DEEMED AN  ADMISSION
 OF LIABILITY AND THAT A DEFAULT JUDGMENT MAY BE ENTERED THEREON.
   4.  THE NOTICE OF LIABILITY SHALL BE PREPARED AND MAILED BY THE AGENCY
 OR AGENCIES DESIGNATED BY THE CITY OF NEW  YORK,  OR  ANY  OTHER  ENTITY
 AUTHORIZED  BY  SUCH  CITY  TO  PREPARE  AND  MAIL  SUCH NOTIFICATION OF
 VIOLATION.
   5. ADJUDICATION OF THE LIABILITY IMPOSED UPON OWNERS BY  THIS  SECTION
 SHALL BE BY THE NEW YORK CITY PARKING VIOLATIONS BUREAU.
 A. 4523                             5
 
   (H)  IF  AN OWNER OF A VEHICLE RECEIVES A NOTICE OF LIABILITY PURSUANT
 TO THIS SECTION FOR  ANY  TIME  PERIOD  DURING  WHICH  THE  VEHICLE  WAS
 REPORTED  TO  THE POLICE DEPARTMENT AS HAVING BEEN STOLEN, IT SHALL BE A
 VALID DEFENSE TO AN ALLEGATION OF LIABILITY FOR VIOLATION  OF  A  STREET
 CLEANING  PARKING  RULE OF SUCH CITY, THAT THE VEHICLE HAD BEEN REPORTED
 TO THE POLICE AS STOLEN PRIOR TO THE TIME THE VIOLATION OCCURRED AND HAD
 NOT BEEN RECOVERED BY SUCH TIME. FOR PURPOSES OF ASSERTING  THE  DEFENSE
 PROVIDED  BY  THIS  SUBDIVISION  IT SHALL BE SUFFICIENT THAT A CERTIFIED
 COPY OF THE POLICE REPORT ON THE STOLEN VEHICLE BE SENT BY  FIRST  CLASS
 MAIL TO THE PARKING VIOLATIONS BUREAU.
   (I)  1.  AN  OWNER  WHO  IS A LESSOR OF A VEHICLE TO WHICH A NOTICE OF
 LIABILITY WAS ISSUED PURSUANT TO SUBDIVISION (G) OF THIS  SECTION  SHALL
 NOT  BE  LIABLE  FOR  THE VIOLATION OF THE STREET CLEANING PARKING RULE,
 PROVIDED THAT:
   (I) PRIOR TO THE VIOLATION, THE LESSOR HAS  FILED  WITH  SUCH  PARKING
 VIOLATIONS  BUREAU  IN  ACCORDANCE  WITH  THE  PROVISIONS OF SECTION TWO
 HUNDRED THIRTY-NINE OF THIS CHAPTER; AND
   (II) WITHIN THIRTY-SEVEN DAYS AFTER RECEIVING NOTICE FROM SUCH  BUREAU
 OF THE DATE AND TIME OF SUCH LIABILITY, TOGETHER WITH THE OTHER INFORMA-
 TION  CONTAINED  IN THE ORIGINAL NOTICE OF LIABILITY, THE LESSOR SUBMITS
 TO SUCH BUREAU THE CORRECT NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE LESSEE OF THE VEHICLE
 IDENTIFIED IN THE NOTICE OF LIABILITY AT THE  TIME  OF  SUCH  VIOLATION,
 TOGETHER WITH SUCH OTHER ADDITIONAL INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THE RENTAL,
 LEASE  OR OTHER CONTRACT DOCUMENT, AS MAY BE REASONABLY REQUIRED BY SUCH
 BUREAU PURSUANT TO REGULATIONS THAT MAY BE PROMULGATED FOR SUCH PURPOSE.
   2. FAILURE TO COMPLY WITH SUBPARAGRAPH (II) OF PARAGRAPH ONE  OF  THIS
 SUBDIVISION SHALL RENDER THE LESSOR LIABLE FOR THE PENALTY PRESCRIBED IN
 THIS SECTION.
   3.  WHERE  THE LESSOR COMPLIES WITH THE PROVISIONS OF PARAGRAPH ONE OF
 THIS SUBDIVISION, THE LESSEE  OF  SUCH  VEHICLE  ON  THE  DATE  OF  SUCH
 VIOLATION  SHALL  BE DEEMED TO BE THE OWNER OF SUCH VEHICLE FOR PURPOSES
 OF THIS SECTION, SHALL BE SUBJECT TO LIABILITY FOR SUCH VIOLATION PURSU-
 ANT TO THIS SECTION, AND SHALL BE SENT A NOTICE OF LIABILITY PURSUANT TO
 SUBDIVISION (G) OF THIS SECTION.
   (J) 1. IF THE OWNER LIABLE FOR A VIOLATION OF A STREET CLEANING  PARK-
 ING  RULE   PURSUANT TO THIS SECTION WAS NOT THE OPERATOR OF THE VEHICLE
 AT THE TIME OF SUCH VIOLATION, THE OWNER  MAY  MAINTAIN  AN  ACTION  FOR
 INDEMNIFICATION AGAINST THE OPERATOR.
   2.  NOTWITHSTANDING ANY OTHER PROVISION OF THIS SECTION, NO OWNER OF A
 VEHICLE SHALL BE SUBJECT TO A MONETARY FINE  IMPOSED  PURSUANT  TO  THIS
 SECTION IF THE OPERATOR OF SUCH VEHICLE WAS OPERATING SUCH VEHICLE WITH-
 OUT  THE CONSENT OF THE OWNER AT THE TIME SUCH OPERATOR FAILED TO OBEY A
 STREET CLEANING PARKING RULE. FOR PURPOSES  OF  THIS  SUBDIVISION  THERE
 SHALL  BE  A PRESUMPTION THAT THE OPERATOR OF SUCH VEHICLE WAS OPERATING
 SUCH VEHICLE WITH THE CONSENT OF THE OWNER AT  THE  TIME  SUCH  OPERATOR
 FAILED TO OBEY A STREET CLEANING PARKING RULE.
   (K)  NOTHING IN THIS SECTION SHALL BE CONSTRUED TO LIMIT THE LIABILITY
 OF AN OPERATOR OF A VEHICLE FOR ANY VIOLATION OF A STREET CLEANING PARK-
 ING RULE.
   (L) IF THE CITY OF NEW YORK ADOPTS A DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM PURSUANT TO
 SUBDIVISION (A) OF THIS SECTION, SUCH CITY'S  DEPARTMENT  OF  SANITATION
 SHALL SUBMIT A REPORT ON THE RESULTS OF THE USE OF STREET CLEANING PARK-
 ING  RULE-RELATED PHOTO DEVICES TO THE GOVERNOR, THE TEMPORARY PRESIDENT
 OF THE SENATE, AND THE SPEAKER OF THE ASSEMBLY BY APRIL FIRST, TWO THOU-
 SAND TWENTY-SEVEN AND EVERY TWO YEARS THEREAFTER.    THE  DEPARTMENT  OF
 SANITATION  OF  THE CITY OF NEW YORK SHALL ALSO MAKE SUCH REPORTS AVAIL-
 A. 4523                             6
 
 ABLE ON THEIR PUBLIC-FACING WEBSITES, PROVIDED  THAT  THEY  MAY  PROVIDE
 AGGREGATE  DATA FROM PARAGRAPH ONE OF THIS SUBDIVISION IF THE CITY FINDS
 THAT PUBLISHING SPECIFIC LOCATION DATA WOULD JEOPARDIZE  PUBLIC  SAFETY.
 SUCH REPORT SHALL INCLUDE, BUT NOT BE LIMITED TO:
   1.  A DESCRIPTION OF THE LOCATIONS AND/OR VEHICLES WHERE STREET CLEAN-
 ING VEHICLE PHOTO DEVICES WERE USED;
   2. THE TOTAL NUMBER OF VIOLATIONS RECORDED ON  A  MONTHLY  AND  ANNUAL
 BASIS;
   3. THE TOTAL NUMBER OF NOTICES OF LIABILITY ISSUED;
   4.  THE NUMBER OF FINES AND TOTAL AMOUNT OF FINES PAID AFTER THE FIRST
 NOTICE OF LIABILITY;
   5. THE NUMBER OF VIOLATIONS ADJUDICATED AND RESULTS  OF  SUCH  ADJUDI-
 CATIONS INCLUDING BREAKDOWNS OF DISPOSITIONS MADE;
   6.  THE  TOTAL  AMOUNT OF REVENUE REALIZED BY SUCH CITY AND DEPARTMENT
 AND AN ITEMIZED LIST OF EXPENDITURES MADE BY  THE  CITY  AND  DEPARTMENT
 WITH THESE REVENUES;
   7. THE QUALITY OF THE ADJUDICATION PROCESS AND ITS RESULTS;
   8. THE TOTAL NUMBER OF CAMERAS BY TYPE OF CAMERA USED;
   9. THE TOTAL COST TO SUCH CITY; AND
   10.  A REPORT ON THE NUMBER OF MILES OF STREET CLEANING ROUTES CLEANED
 BEFORE AND AFTER IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM.
   (M) IT SHALL BE A DEFENSE TO ANY PROSECUTION  FOR  A  VIOLATION  OF  A
 STREET CLEANING PARKING RULE PURSUANT TO A DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM ADOPTED
 PURSUANT TO THIS SECTION THAT SUCH STREET CLEANING VEHICLE PHOTO DEVICES
 WERE MALFUNCTIONING AT THE TIME OF THE ALLEGED VIOLATION.
   §  2.  Subdivision 1 of section 235 of the vehicle and traffic law, as
 amended by section 2 of part MM of chapter 56 of the laws  of  2023,  is
 amended to read as follows:
   1.  Notwithstanding any inconsistent provision of any general, special
 or local law or administrative code to the contrary, in any  city  which
 heretofore  or  hereafter  is  authorized to establish an administrative
 tribunal: (a) to hear and determine complaints  of  traffic  infractions
 constituting parking, standing or stopping violations, or (b) to adjudi-
 cate  the  liability  of  owners  for  violations  of subdivision (d) of
 section eleven hundred eleven of this  chapter  imposed  pursuant  to  a
 local  law  or  ordinance  imposing monetary liability on the owner of a
 vehicle for failure of an operator thereof to comply  with  traffic-con-
 trol  indications through the installation and operation of traffic-con-
 trol signal photo violation-monitoring systems, in accordance with arti-
 cle twenty-four of this chapter, or (c) to adjudicate the  liability  of
 owners  for  violations  of  subdivision  (b),  (c),  (d), (f) or (g) of
 section eleven hundred eighty of this  chapter  imposed  pursuant  to  a
 demonstration  program  imposing  monetary  liability  on the owner of a
 vehicle for failure of an operator thereof to comply  with  such  posted
 maximum  speed  limits  through  the installation and operation of photo
 speed violation monitoring systems, in accordance with article thirty of
 this  chapter,  or  (d)  to  adjudicate  the  liability  of  owners  for
 violations of bus lane restrictions as defined by article twenty-four of
 this  chapter  imposed  pursuant to a bus rapid transit program imposing
 monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an  operator
 thereof  to comply with such bus lane restrictions through the installa-
 tion and operation of bus lane photo devices, in accordance with article
 twenty-four of this chapter, or  (e)  to  adjudicate  the  liability  of
 owners  for violations of toll collection regulations imposed by certain
 public authorities pursuant to the law authorizing such public  authori-
 ties  to impose monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure
 A. 4523                             7
 
 of an operator thereof to comply with  toll  collection  regulations  of
 such  public  authorities  through  the  installation  and  operation of
 photo-monitoring systems, in accordance with the provisions  of  section
 two  thousand nine hundred eighty-five of the public authorities law and
 sections sixteen-a, sixteen-b and sixteen-c  of  chapter  seven  hundred
 seventy-four of the laws of nineteen hundred fifty, or (f) to adjudicate
 the  liability of owners for violations of section eleven hundred seven-
 ty-four of this chapter when meeting a school bus marked and equipped as
 provided in  subdivisions  twenty  and  twenty-one-c  of  section  three
 hundred  seventy-five of this chapter imposed pursuant to a local law or
 ordinance imposing monetary liability on the  owner  of  a  vehicle  for
 failure  of  an  operator  thereof  to comply with school bus red visual
 signals through the installation  and  operation  of  school  bus  photo
 violation  monitoring systems, in accordance with article twenty-nine of
 this  chapter,  or  (g)  to  adjudicate  the  liability  of  owners  for
 violations  of section three hundred eighty-five of this chapter and the
 rules of the department of transportation of the city  of  New  York  in
 relation  to  gross vehicle weight and/or axle weight violations imposed
 pursuant to a weigh in motion demonstration  program  imposing  monetary
 liability  on  the owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator thereof
 to comply with such gross vehicle weight and/or axle weight restrictions
 through the installation and operation  of  weigh  in  motion  violation
 monitoring  systems,  in accordance with article ten of this chapter, or
 (h) to adjudicate the liability of owners for violations of  subdivision
 (b),  (d),  (f)  or (g) of section eleven hundred eighty of this chapter
 imposed pursuant to a demonstration program imposing monetary  liability
 on  the  owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator thereof to comply
 with such posted maximum speed limits within a highway  construction  or
 maintenance  work  area  through the installation and operation of photo
 speed violation monitoring systems, in accordance with article thirty of
 this  chapter,  or  (i)  to  adjudicate  the  liability  of  owners  for
 violations  of  bus  operation-related traffic regulations as defined by
 article twenty-four of this chapter imposed pursuant to a  demonstration
 program  imposing monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for fail-
 ure of an operator thereof to comply  with  such  bus  operation-related
 traffic regulations through the installation and operation of bus opera-
 tion-related  photo  devices,  in accordance with article twenty-four of
 this  chapter,  OR  (J)  TO  ADJUDICATE  THE  LIABILITY  OF  OWNERS  FOR
 VIOLATIONS  OF STREET CLEANING PARKING RULES AS DEFINED BY ARTICLE TWEN-
 TY-FOUR OF THIS CHAPTER IMPOSED PURSUANT TO A PROGRAM IMPOSING  MONETARY
 LIABILITY  ON  THE OWNER OF A VEHICLE FOR FAILURE OF AN OPERATOR THEREOF
 TO COMPLY WITH SUCH STREET CLEANING PARKING RULES THROUGH THE  INSTALLA-
 TION  AND OPERATION OF STREET CLEANING VEHICLE PHOTO DEVICES, IN ACCORD-
 ANCE WITH ARTICLE TWENTY-FOUR OF THIS CHAPTER,  such  tribunal  and  the
 rules  and  regulations  pertaining  thereto  shall  be  constituted  in
 substantial conformance with the following sections.
   § 3. Subdivision 1 of section 236 of the vehicle and traffic  law,  as
 amended  by  section  3 of part MM of chapter 56 of the laws of 2023, is
 amended to read as follows:
   1. Creation. In any city as hereinbefore or hereafter authorized  such
 tribunal  when  created  shall be known as the parking violations bureau
 and shall have jurisdiction of traffic infractions  which  constitute  a
 parking violation and, where authorized: (a) to adjudicate the liability
 of  owners  for  violations of subdivision (d) of section eleven hundred
 eleven of this chapter imposed pursuant to  a  local  law  or  ordinance
 imposing  monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an
 A. 4523                             8
 
 operator thereof to comply with traffic-control indications through  the
 installation  and  operation  of traffic-control signal photo violation-
 monitoring systems, in accordance with article twenty-four of this chap-
 ter,  or  (b)  to  adjudicate  the liability of owners for violations of
 subdivision (b), (c), (d), (f) or (g) of section eleven  hundred  eighty
 of  this  chapter  imposed  pursuant to a demonstration program imposing
 monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an  operator
 thereof  to  comply  with  such  posted maximum speed limits through the
 installation and operation of photo speed violation monitoring  systems,
 in  accordance with article thirty of this chapter, or (c) to adjudicate
 the liability of owners for  violations  of  bus  lane  restrictions  as
 defined by article twenty-four of this chapter imposed pursuant to a bus
 rapid  transit  program  imposing  monetary  liability on the owner of a
 vehicle for failure of an operator thereof to comply with such bus  lane
 restrictions  through  the  installation and operation of bus lane photo
 devices, in accordance with article twenty-four of this chapter, or  (d)
 to  adjudicate the liability of owners for violations of toll collection
 regulations imposed by certain public authorities pursuant  to  the  law
 authorizing  such public authorities to impose monetary liability on the
 owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator  thereof  to  comply  with
 toll  collection  regulations  of  such  public  authorities through the
 installation and operation of photo-monitoring  systems,  in  accordance
 with  the provisions of section two thousand nine hundred eighty-five of
 the  public  authorities  law  and  sections  sixteen-a,  sixteen-b  and
 sixteen-c  of chapter seven hundred seventy-four of the laws of nineteen
 hundred fifty,  or  (e)  to  adjudicate  the  liability  of  owners  for
 violations  of  section eleven hundred seventy-four of this chapter when
 meeting a school bus marked and equipped  as  provided  in  subdivisions
 twenty  and  twenty-one-c  of section three hundred seventy-five of this
 chapter imposed pursuant to a local law or ordinance  imposing  monetary
 liability  on  the owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator thereof
 to comply with school bus red visual signals  through  the  installation
 and  operation  of  school  bus  photo  violation monitoring systems, in
 accordance with article twenty-nine of this chapter, or (f)  to  adjudi-
 cate  the  liability  of  owners for violations of section three hundred
 eighty-five of this chapter and the rules of the department of transpor-
 tation of the city of New York  in  relation  to  gross  vehicle  weight
 and/or  axle  weight  violations  imposed  pursuant to a weigh in motion
 demonstration program imposing monetary liability  on  the  owner  of  a
 vehicle  for  failure  of  an operator thereof to comply with such gross
 vehicle weight and/or axle weight restrictions through the  installation
 and  operation  of  weigh  in  motion  violation  monitoring systems, in
 accordance with article ten of this chapter, or (g)  to  adjudicate  the
 liability  of  owners for violations of subdivision (b), (d), (f) or (g)
 of section eleven hundred eighty of this chapter imposed pursuant  to  a
 demonstration  program  imposing  monetary  liability  on the owner of a
 vehicle for failure of an operator thereof to comply  with  such  posted
 maximum  speed  limits within a highway construction or maintenance work
 area through the installation and operation  of  photo  speed  violation
 monitoring  systems,  in accordance with article thirty of this chapter,
 or (h) to adjudicate the liability of owners for violations of bus oper-
 ation-related traffic regulations as defined by article  twenty-four  of
 this  chapter imposed pursuant to a demonstration program imposing mone-
 tary liability on the owner of a vehicle  for  failure  of  an  operator
 thereof  to  comply  with such bus operation-related traffic regulations
 through the installation and operation of  bus  operation-related  photo
 A. 4523                             9

 devices,  in accordance with article twenty-four of this chapter, OR (I)
 TO ADJUDICATE THE LIABILITY OF OWNERS FOR VIOLATIONS OF STREET  CLEANING
 PARKING  RULES  AS  DEFINED  BY  ARTICLE TWENTY-FOUR   OF THIS   CHAPTER
 IMPOSED  PURSUANT  TO A PROGRAM IMPOSING MONETARY LIABILITY ON THE OWNER
 OF A VEHICLE  FOR  FAILURE  OF AN  OPERATOR THEREOF   TO   COMPLY   WITH
 SUCH  STREET  CLEANING PARKING RULES THROUGH THE INSTALLATION AND OPERA-
 TION OF  STREET CLEANING VEHICLE PHOTO DEVICES, IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTI-
 CLE TWENTY-FOUR OF THIS CHAPTER.  Such tribunal, except in a city with a
 population of one million or more, shall also have jurisdiction of aban-
 doned vehicle violations. For the purposes of this  article,  a  parking
 violation  is the violation of any law, rule or regulation providing for
 or regulating the parking, stopping or standing of a vehicle.  In  addi-
 tion for purposes of this article, "commissioner" shall mean and include
 the  commissioner  of  traffic  of  the  city  or an official possessing
 authority as such a commissioner.
   § 4. Paragraph  f of subdivision 1 of section 239 of the  vehicle  and
 traffic  law,  as  amended  by section 4 of part MM of chapter 56 of the
 laws of 2023, is amended to read as follows:
   f. "Notice of violation" means a notice of  violation  as  defined  in
 subdivision  nine  of  section two hundred thirty-seven of this article,
 but shall not be deemed to include a notice of liability issued pursuant
 to authorization set forth in articles ten, twenty-four, twenty-nine and
 thirty of this chapter, section two thousand nine hundred eighty-five of
 the  public  authorities  law  and  sections  sixteen-a,  sixteen-b  and
 sixteen-c  of chapter seven hundred seventy-four of the laws of nineteen
 hundred fifty to impose monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for
 failure of an operator thereof: to  comply  with  traffic-control  indi-
 cations in violation of subdivision (d) of section eleven hundred eleven
 of  this  chapter through the installation and operation of traffic-con-
 trol signal photo violation-monitoring systems, in accordance with arti-
 cle twenty-four of this chapter; or to comply with certain posted  maxi-
 mum  speed  limits in violation of subdivision (b), (c), (d), (f) or (g)
 of section eleven hundred eighty of this chapter through  the  installa-
 tion  and  operation  of  photo  speed  violation monitoring systems, in
 accordance with article thirty of this chapter; or to  comply  with  bus
 lane  restrictions  as  defined  by  article twenty-four of this chapter
 through the installation and operation of bus  lane  photo  devices,  in
 accordance  with  article twenty-four of this chapter; or to comply with
 toll collection regulations of certain public  authorities  through  the
 installation  and  operation  of photo-monitoring systems, in accordance
 with the provisions of section two thousand nine hundred eighty-five  of
 the  public  authorities  law  and  sections  sixteen-a,  sixteen-b  and
 sixteen-c of chapter seven hundred seventy-four of the laws of  nineteen
 hundred  fifty;  or  to  stop  for  a school bus displaying a red visual
 signal in violation of section eleven hundred seventy-four of this chap-
 ter through the installation and operation of school bus photo violation
 monitoring systems, in accordance with article twenty-nine of this chap-
 ter; or to comply with certain posted maximum speed limits in  violation
 of  subdivision (b), (d), (f) or (g) of section eleven hundred eighty of
 this chapter within a highway  construction  or  maintenance  work  area
 through the installation and operation of photo speed violation monitor-
 ing  systems,  in  accordance with article thirty of this chapter; or to
 comply with gross vehicle weight  and/or  axle  weight  restrictions  in
 violation  of  section three hundred eighty-five of this chapter and the
 rules of the department of  transportation  of  the  city  of  New  York
 through  the  installation  and  operation  of weigh in motion violation
 A. 4523                            10
 
 monitoring systems, in accordance with article ten of this  chapter;  or
 to  comply  with bus operation-related traffic regulations as defined by
 article twenty-four of this chapter in violation of  the  rules  of  the
 department of transportation of the city of New York through the instal-
 lation  and operation of bus operation-related photo devices, in accord-
 ance with article twenty-four of this chapter; OR TO COMPLY WITH  STREET
 CLEANING PARKING RULES AS DEFINED BY ARTICLE TWENTY-FOUR OF THIS CHAPTER
 THROUGH  THE INSTALLATION AND OPERATION OF STREET CLEANING VEHICLE PHOTO
 DEVICES, IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE TWENTY-FOUR OF THIS CHAPTER.
   § 5. Subdivisions 1, 1-a and the opening paragraph of paragraph (a) of
 subdivision 1-b of section 240  of  the  vehicle  and  traffic  law,  as
 amended  by  section 5 of part MM of chapter 56 of the laws of 2023, are
 amended to read as follows:
   1. Notice of  hearing.  Whenever  a  person  charged  with  a  parking
 violation  enters a plea of not guilty; or a person alleged to be liable
 in accordance with any provisions of law  specifically  authorizing  the
 imposition  of  monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure
 of an operator thereof: to comply with  traffic-control  indications  in
 violation  of  subdivision  (d) of section eleven hundred eleven of this
 chapter through the installation and operation of traffic-control signal
 photo violation-monitoring systems, in accordance with  article  twenty-
 four  of  this  chapter;  or to comply with certain posted maximum speed
 limits in violation of subdivision (b), (c), (d), (f) or (g) of  section
 eleven hundred eighty of this chapter through the installation and oper-
 ation  of  photo  speed violation monitoring systems, in accordance with
 article thirty of this chapter; or to comply with bus lane  restrictions
 as  defined by article twenty-four of this chapter through the installa-
 tion and operation of bus lane photo devices, in accordance with article
 twenty-four of this chapter; or to comply  with  toll  collection  regu-
 lations of certain public authorities through the installation and oper-
 ation  of photo-monitoring systems, in accordance with the provisions of
 section two thousand nine hundred eighty-five of the public  authorities
 law  and  sections  sixteen-a,  sixteen-b and sixteen-c of chapter seven
 hundred seventy-four of the laws of nineteen hundred fifty; or  to  stop
 for  a school bus displaying a red visual signal in violation of section
 eleven hundred seventy-four of this chapter through the installation and
 operation of school bus photo violation monitoring systems,  in  accord-
 ance with article twenty-nine of this chapter; or to comply with certain
 posted maximum speed limits in violation of subdivision (b), (d), (f) or
 (g)  of  section  eleven hundred eighty of this chapter within a highway
 construction or maintenance work area through the installation and oper-
 ation of photo speed violation monitoring systems,  in  accordance  with
 article  thirty  of this chapter; or to comply with gross vehicle weight
 and/or axle weight restrictions in violation of  section  three  hundred
 eighty-five of this chapter and the rules of the department of transpor-
 tation of the city of New York through the installation and operation of
 weigh in motion violation monitoring systems, in accordance with article
 ten  of  this  chapter;  or to comply with bus operation-related traffic
 regulations as  defined  by  article  twenty-four  of  this  chapter  in
 violation  of  the rules of the department of transportation of the city
 of New York through the installation and operation of bus  operation-re-
 lated  photo  devices,  in  accordance  with article twenty-four of this
 chapter; OR TO COMPLY WITH STREET CLEANING PARKING RULES AS  DEFINED  BY
 ARTICLE  TWENTY-FOUR OF THIS CHAPTER THROUGH THE INSTALLATION AND OPERA-
 TION OF STREET CLEANING VEHICLE PHOTO DEVICES, IN ACCORDANCE WITH  ARTI-
 CLE  TWENTY-FOUR  OF  THIS CHAPTER, contests such allegation, the bureau
 A. 4523                            11
 
 shall advise such person personally by such form of first class mail  as
 the  director  may  direct  of the date on which [he or she] SUCH PERSON
 must appear to answer the charge at a hearing. The form and  content  of
 such  notice  of  hearing shall be prescribed by the director, and shall
 contain a warning to advise the person so pleading  or  contesting  that
 failure to appear on the date designated, or on any subsequent adjourned
 date,  shall  be  deemed  an  admission of liability, and that a default
 judgment may be entered thereon.
   1-a. Fines and penalties. Whenever a  plea  of  not  guilty  has  been
 entered, or the bureau has been notified that an allegation of liability
 in  accordance with provisions of law specifically authorizing the impo-
 sition of monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an
 operator  thereof:  to  comply  with  traffic-control   indications   in
 violation  of  subdivision  (d) of section eleven hundred eleven of this
 chapter through the installation and operation of traffic-control signal
 photo violation-monitoring systems, in accordance with  article  twenty-
 four  of  this  chapter;  or to comply with certain posted maximum speed
 limits in violation of subdivision (b), (c), (d), (f) or (g) of  section
 eleven hundred eighty of this chapter through the installation and oper-
 ation  of  photo  speed violation monitoring systems, in accordance with
 article thirty of this chapter; or to comply with bus lane  restrictions
 as  defined by article twenty-four of this chapter through the installa-
 tion and operation of bus lane photo devices, in accordance with article
 twenty-four of this chapter; or to comply  with  toll  collection  regu-
 lations of certain public authorities through the installation and oper-
 ation  of photo-monitoring systems, in accordance with the provisions of
 section two thousand nine hundred eighty-five of the public  authorities
 law  and  sections  sixteen-a,  sixteen-b and sixteen-c of chapter seven
 hundred seventy-four of the laws of nineteen hundred fifty; or  to  stop
 for  a school bus displaying a red visual signal in violation of section
 eleven hundred seventy-four of this chapter through the installation and
 operation of school bus photo violation monitoring systems,  in  accord-
 ance with article twenty-nine of this chapter; or to comply with certain
 posted maximum speed limits in violation of subdivision (b), (d), (f) or
 (g)  of  section  eleven hundred eighty of this chapter within a highway
 construction or maintenance work area through the installation and oper-
 ation of photo speed violation monitoring systems,  in  accordance  with
 article  thirty  of this chapter; or to comply with gross vehicle weight
 and/or axle weight restrictions in violation of  section  three  hundred
 eighty-five of this chapter and the rules of the department of transpor-
 tation of the city of New York through the installation and operation of
 weigh in motion violation monitoring systems, in accordance with article
 ten  of  this  chapter;  or to comply with bus operation-related traffic
 regulations as  defined  by  article  twenty-four  of  this  chapter  in
 violation  of  the rules of the department of transportation of the city
 of New York through the installation and operation of bus  operation-re-
 lated  photo  devices,  in  accordance  with article twenty-four of this
 chapter; OR TO COMPLY WITH STREET CLEANING PARKING RULES AS  DEFINED  BY
 ARTICLE  TWENTY-FOUR OF THIS CHAPTER THROUGH THE INSTALLATION AND OPERA-
 TION OF STREET CLEANING VEHICLE PHOTO DEVICES, IN ACCORDANCE WITH  ARTI-
 CLE  TWENTY-FOUR  OF  THIS CHAPTER, is being contested, by a person in a
 timely fashion and a hearing upon the merits has been demanded, but  has
 not  yet  been  held,  the  bureau shall not issue any notice of fine or
 penalty to that person prior to the date of the hearing.
   In a city having a population of one million or more, at every hearing
 for the adjudication of a notice of liability, as provided by this arti-
 A. 4523                            12
 
 cle, there shall be a rebuttable presumption that the owner of a  first-
 response  emergency  vehicle alleged to be liable in accordance with any
 provisions of law specifically authorizing the  imposition  of  monetary
 liability  on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator thereof:
 to comply with traffic-control indications in violation  of  subdivision
 (d) of section eleven hundred eleven of this chapter through the instal-
 lation  and operation of traffic-control signal photo violation-monitor-
 ing systems, in accordance with article twenty-four of this chapter;  or
 to  comply  with  certain  posted  maximum  speed limits in violation of
 subdivision (b), (c), (d), (f) or (g) of section eleven  hundred  eighty
 of  this  chapter  through the installation and operation of photo speed
 violation monitoring systems, in accordance with article thirty of  this
 chapter;  or  to comply with bus lane restrictions as defined by article
 twenty-four of this chapter through the installation  and  operation  of
 bus  lane  photo devices, in accordance with article twenty-four of this
 chapter; or to comply with bus operation-related traffic regulations  as
 defined by article twenty-four of this chapter in violation of the rules
 of  the department of transportation of the city of New York through the
 installation and operation of bus operation-related  photo  devices,  in
 accordance  with  article twenty-four of this chapter; OR TO COMPLY WITH
 STREET CLEANING PARKING RULES AS DEFINED BY ARTICLE TWENTY-FOUR OF  THIS
 CHAPTER  THROUGH  THE  INSTALLATION AND OPERATION   OF   STREET CLEANING
 VEHICLE PHOTO DEVICES, IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE  TWENTY-FOUR  OF  THIS
 CHAPTER  is  not  liable for such alleged violation if such owner of the
 first-response emergency vehicle provides the hearing officer with:
   § 6. Paragraphs a and g of subdivision 2 of section 240 of the vehicle
 and traffic law, as amended by section 6 of part MM of chapter 56 of the
 laws of 2023, are amended to read as follows:
   a. Every hearing for the adjudication of a charge of parking violation
 or an allegation of liability of an owner for a violation of subdivision
 (d) of section eleven hundred eleven of this chapter imposed pursuant to
 a local law or ordinance imposing monetary liability on the owner  of  a
 vehicle  for  failure of an operator thereof to comply with traffic-con-
 trol indications through the installation and operation of  traffic-con-
 trol signal photo violation-monitoring systems, in accordance with arti-
 cle  twenty-four  of  this  chapter, or an allegation of liability of an
 owner for a violation of subdivision  (b),  (c),  (d),  (f)  or  (g)  of
 section  eleven  hundred  eighty  of  this chapter imposed pursuant to a
 demonstration program imposing monetary liability  on  the  owner  of  a
 vehicle for failure of an operator thereof to comply with certain posted
 maximum  speed  limits  through  the installation and operation of photo
 speed violation monitoring systems, in accordance with article thirty of
 this chapter, or an allegation of liability of an owner for a  violation
 of bus lane restrictions as defined by article twenty-four of this chap-
 ter  imposed  pursuant  to a bus rapid transit program imposing monetary
 liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an  operator  thereof
 to  comply  with such bus lane restrictions through the installation and
 operation of bus lane photo devices, in accordance with article  twenty-
 four  of  this  chapter, or an allegation of liability of an owner for a
 violation of toll  collection  regulations  imposed  by  certain  public
 authorities  pursuant  to the law authorizing such public authorities to
 impose monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for  failure  of  an
 operator  thereof  to  comply  with  toll collection regulations of such
 public authorities through the installation and operation of photo-moni-
 toring systems, in accordance with the provisions of section  two  thou-
 sand nine hundred eighty-five of the public authorities law and sections
 A. 4523                            13
 
 sixteen-a, sixteen-b and sixteen-c of chapter seven hundred seventy-four
 of  the laws of nineteen hundred fifty, or an allegation of liability of
 an owner for a violation of section eleven hundred seventy-four of  this
 chapter  when  meeting  a  school bus marked and equipped as provided in
 subdivisions twenty and twenty-one-c of section three  hundred  seventy-
 five of this chapter imposed pursuant to a local law or ordinance impos-
 ing monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an oper-
 ator  thereof  to  comply with school bus red visual signals through the
 installation and operation of  school  bus  photo  violation  monitoring
 systems,  in  accordance with article twenty-nine of this chapter, or an
 allegation of liability of an owner for a violation of subdivision  (b),
 (d), (f) or (g) of section eleven hundred eighty of this chapter imposed
 pursuant  to  a demonstration program imposing monetary liability on the
 owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator  thereof  to  comply  with
 certain  posted  maximum  speed  limits within a highway construction or
 maintenance work area through the installation and  operation  of  photo
 speed violation monitoring systems, in accordance with article thirty of
 this  chapter, or an allegation of liability of an owner for a violation
 of section three hundred eighty-five of this chapter and  the  rules  of
 the  department of transportation of the city of New York in relation to
 gross vehicle weight and/or axle weight violations imposed pursuant to a
 weigh in motion demonstration program imposing monetary liability on the
 owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator  thereof  to  comply  with
 such  gross  vehicle  weight and/or axle weight restrictions through the
 installation and operation  of  weigh  in  motion  violation  monitoring
 systems,  in  accordance with article ten of this chapter, or an allega-
 tion of liability of an owner for a violation of  bus  operation-related
 traffic  regulations  as  defined by article twenty-four of this chapter
 imposed pursuant to a demonstration program imposing monetary  liability
 on  the  owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator thereof to comply
 with such bus operation-related traffic regulations through the  instal-
 lation  and operation of bus operation-related photo devices, in accord-
 ance with article twenty-four of  this  chapter,  OR  AN  ALLEGATION  OF
 LIABILITY  OF  AN OWNER FOR A VIOLATION OF STREET CLEANING PARKING RULES
 AS DEFINED BY ARTICLE TWENTY-FOUR OF THIS CHAPTER IMPOSED PURSUANT TO  A
 PROGRAM  IMPOSING MONETARY LIABILITY ON THE OWNER OF A VEHICLE FOR FAIL-
 URE OF AN OPERATOR THEREOF TO COMPLY WITH SUCH STREET  CLEANING  PARKING
 RULES  THROUGH THE INSTALLATION AND OPERATION OF STREET CLEANING VEHICLE
 PHOTO DEVICES, IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE TWENTY-FOUR OF  THIS  CHAPTER,
 shall  be  held  before  a hearing examiner in accordance with rules and
 regulations promulgated by the bureau.
   g. A record shall be made of a hearing on a plea of not guilty or of a
 hearing at which liability in accordance  with  any  provisions  of  law
 specifically  authorizing  the  imposition  of monetary liability on the
 owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator thereof:  to  comply  with
 traffic-control  indications  in violation of subdivision (d) of section
 eleven hundred eleven of this chapter through the installation and oper-
 ation of traffic-control signal photo violation-monitoring  systems,  in
 accordance  with  article  twenty-four  of  this chapter; to comply with
 certain posted maximum speed limits in  violation  of  subdivision  (b),
 (c),  (d),  (f)  or (g) of section eleven hundred eighty of this chapter
 through the installation and operation of photo speed violation monitor-
 ing systems, in accordance with  article  thirty  of  this  chapter;  to
 comply  with  bus lane restrictions as defined by article twenty-four of
 this chapter through the installation and operation of  bus  lane  photo
 devices,  in  accordance  with  article  twenty-four of this chapter; to
 A. 4523                            14
 
 comply with toll collection regulations of  certain  public  authorities
 through  the  installation and operation of photo-monitoring systems, in
 accordance with the provisions of  section  two  thousand  nine  hundred
 eighty-five  of  the  public  authorities  law  and  sections sixteen-a,
 sixteen-b and sixteen-c of chapter seven  hundred  seventy-four  of  the
 laws  of  nineteen  hundred fifty; to stop for a school bus displaying a
 red visual signal in violation of section eleven hundred seventy-four of
 this chapter through the installation and operation of school bus  photo
 violation  monitoring systems, in accordance with article twenty-nine of
 this chapter; to comply with certain  posted  maximum  speed  limits  in
 violation  of subdivision (b), (d), (f) or (g) of section eleven hundred
 eighty of this chapter within a highway construction or maintenance work
 area through the installation and operation  of  photo  speed  violation
 monitoring  systems,  in accordance with article thirty of this chapter;
 to comply with gross vehicle weight and/or axle weight  restrictions  in
 violation  of  section three hundred eighty-five of this chapter and the
 rules of the department of  transportation  of  the  city  of  New  York
 through  the  installation  and  operation  of weigh in motion violation
 monitoring systems, in accordance with article ten of this  chapter;  or
 to  comply  with bus operation-related traffic regulations as defined by
 article twenty-four of this chapter in violation of  the  rules  of  the
 department of transportation of the city of New York through the instal-
 lation  and operation of bus operation-related photo devices, in accord-
 ance with article twenty-four of this chapter; OR TO COMPLY WITH  STREET
 CLEANING PARKING RULES AS DEFINED BY ARTICLE TWENTY-FOUR OF THIS CHAPTER
 THROUGH  THE INSTALLATION AND OPERATION OF STREET CLEANING VEHICLE PHOTO
 DEVICES, IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE  TWENTY-FOUR  OF  THIS  CHAPTER,  is
 contested. Recording devices may be used for the making of the record.
   §  7.  Subdivisions  1 and 2 of section 241 of the vehicle and traffic
 law, as amended by section 7 of part MM of chapter 56  of  the  laws  of
 2023, are amended to read as follows:
   1.  The  hearing  examiner  shall make a determination on the charges,
 either sustaining or dismissing them. Where the hearing examiner  deter-
 mines that the charges have been sustained [he or she] SUCH EXAMINER may
 examine  either  the  prior  parking  violations record or the record of
 liabilities incurred in accordance with any provisions  of  law  specif-
 ically  authorizing the imposition of monetary liability on the owner of
 a vehicle for failure of an operator thereof: to  comply  with  traffic-
 control  indications  in  violation of subdivision (d) of section eleven
 hundred eleven of this chapter through the installation and operation of
 traffic-control signal photo violation-monitoring systems, in accordance
 with article twenty-four of this chapter; to comply with certain  posted
 maximum  speed  limits in violation of subdivision (b), (c), (d), (f) or
 (g) of section eleven hundred eighty of this chapter through the instal-
 lation and operation of photo speed  violation  monitoring  systems,  in
 accordance  with article thirty of this chapter; to comply with bus lane
 restrictions as defined by article twenty-four of this  chapter  through
 the  installation and operation of bus lane photo devices, in accordance
 with article twenty-four of this chapter; to comply with toll collection
 regulations of certain public authorities through the  installation  and
 operation of photo-monitoring systems, in accordance with the provisions
 of  section two thousand nine hundred eighty-five of the public authori-
 ties law and sections sixteen-a,  sixteen-b  and  sixteen-c  of  chapter
 seven  hundred  seventy-four  of  the laws of nineteen hundred fifty; to
 stop for a school bus displaying a red visual  signal  in  violation  of
 section  eleven hundred seventy-four of this chapter through the instal-
 A. 4523                            15

 lation and operation of school bus photo violation  monitoring  systems,
 in  accordance  with article twenty-nine of this chapter; to comply with
 certain posted maximum speed limits in  violation  of  subdivision  (b),
 (d),  (f) or (g) of section eleven hundred eighty of this chapter within
 a highway construction or maintenance work area through the installation
 and operation of photo speed violation monitoring systems, in accordance
 with article thirty of this chapter; to comply with gross vehicle weight
 and/or axle weight restrictions in violation of  section  three  hundred
 eighty-five of this chapter and the rules of the department of transpor-
 tation of the city of New York through the installation and operation of
 weigh in motion violation monitoring systems, in accordance with article
 ten  of  this chapter; [or] to comply with bus operation-related traffic
 regulations as  defined  by  article  twenty-four  of  this  chapter  in
 violation  of  the rules of the department of transportation of the city
 of New York through the installation and operation of bus  operation-re-
 lated  photo  devices,  in  accordance  with article twenty-four of this
 chapter; OR TO COMPLY WITH STREET CLEANING PARKING RULES AS  DEFINED  BY
 ARTICLE  TWENTY-FOUR OF THIS CHAPTER THROUGH THE INSTALLATION AND OPERA-
 TION OF STREET CLEANING VEHICLE PHOTO DEVICES, IN ACCORDANCE WITH  ARTI-
 CLE  TWENTY-FOUR  OF  THIS CHAPTER, of the person charged, as applicable
 prior to rendering a final determination. Final determinations  sustain-
 ing or dismissing charges shall be entered on a final determination roll
 maintained  by  the  bureau  together  with  records showing payment and
 nonpayment of penalties.
   2. Where an operator or owner fails to enter a plea to a charge  of  a
 parking  violation  or  contest an allegation of liability in accordance
 with any provisions of law specifically authorizing  the  imposition  of
 monetary  liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator
 thereof: to comply with  traffic-control  indications  in  violation  of
 subdivision (d) of section eleven hundred eleven of this chapter through
 the  installation  and  operation of traffic-control signal photo viola-
 tion-monitoring systems, in accordance with article twenty-four of  this
 chapter; to comply with certain posted maximum speed limits in violation
 of  subdivision  (b),  (c),  (d),  (f)  or (g) of section eleven hundred
 eighty of this chapter through the installation and operation  of  photo
 speed violation monitoring systems, in accordance with article thirty of
 this chapter; to comply with bus lane restrictions as defined by article
 twenty-four  of  this  chapter through the installation and operation of
 bus lane photo devices, in accordance with article twenty-four  of  this
 chapter;  to  comply  with toll collection regulations of certain public
 authorities through the installation and operation  of  photo-monitoring
 systems,  in accordance with the provisions of section two thousand nine
 hundred  eighty-five  of  the  public  authorities  law   and   sections
 sixteen-a, sixteen-b and sixteen-c of chapter seven hundred seventy-four
 of the laws of nineteen hundred fifty; to stop for a school bus display-
 ing  a red visual signal in violation of section eleven hundred seventy-
 four of this chapter through the installation and  operation  of  school
 bus photo violation monitoring systems, in accordance with article twen-
 ty-nine  of  this  chapter;  to comply with certain posted maximum speed
 limits in violation of subdivision (b), (d), (f) or (g) of section elev-
 en hundred eighty of this chapter within a highway construction or main-
 tenance work area through the installation and operation of photo  speed
 violation  monitoring systems, in accordance with article thirty of this
 chapter;  to  comply  with  gross  vehicle  weight  and/or  axle  weight
 restrictions  in  violation of section three hundred eighty-five of this
 chapter and the rules of the department of transportation of the city of
 A. 4523                            16
 
 New York through the installation  and  operation  of  weigh  in  motion
 violation  monitoring  systems,  in  accordance with article ten of this
 chapter; [or] to comply with bus operation-related  traffic  regulations
 as  defined  by  article twenty-four of this chapter in violation of the
 rules of the department of  transportation  of  the  city  of  New  York
 through  the  installation  and operation of bus operation-related photo
 devices, in accordance with article twenty-four of this chapter;  OR  TO
 COMPLY  WITH STREET CLEANING PARKING RULES AS DEFINED BY ARTICLE TWENTY-
 FOUR OF THIS CHAPTER THROUGH THE INSTALLATION AND  OPERATION  OF  STREET
 CLEANING  VEHICLE  PHOTO DEVICES, IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE TWENTY-FOUR
 OF THIS CHAPTER, or fails to appear on  a  designated  hearing  date  or
 subsequent  adjourned  date  or fails after a hearing to comply with the
 determination of a hearing examiner, as prescribed by this article or by
 rule or regulation of the bureau, such  failure  to  plead  or  contest,
 appear  or  comply  shall  be  deemed, for all purposes, an admission of
 liability and shall be grounds for  rendering  and  entering  a  default
 judgment  in  an  amount  provided  by  the rules and regulations of the
 bureau. However, after the expiration of the  original  date  prescribed
 for  entering  a  plea and before a default judgment may be rendered, in
 such case the bureau shall pursuant to the applicable provisions of  law
 notify  such  operator or owner, by such form of first class mail as the
 commission may direct;  (1)  of  the  violation  charged,  or  liability
 alleged  in accordance with any provisions of law specifically authoriz-
 ing the imposition of monetary liability on the owner of a  vehicle  for
 failure  of  an  operator  thereof: to comply with traffic-control indi-
 cations in violation of subdivision (d) of section eleven hundred eleven
 of this chapter through the installation and operation  of  traffic-con-
 trol signal photo violation-monitoring systems, in accordance with arti-
 cle  twenty-four  of this chapter; to comply with certain posted maximum
 speed limits in violation of subdivision (b), (c), (d), (f)  or  (g)  of
 section  eleven  hundred eighty of this chapter through the installation
 and operation of photo speed violation monitoring systems, in accordance
 with  article  thirty  of  this  chapter;  to  comply  with   bus   lane
 restrictions  as  defined by article twenty-four of this chapter through
 the installation and operation of bus lane photo devices, in  accordance
 with article twenty-four of this chapter; to comply with toll collection
 regulations  of  certain public authorities through the installation and
 operation of photo-monitoring systems, in accordance with the provisions
 of section two thousand nine hundred eighty-five of the public  authori-
 ties  law  and  sections  sixteen-a,  sixteen-b and sixteen-c of chapter
 seven hundred seventy-four of the laws of  nineteen  hundred  fifty;  to
 stop  for  a  school  bus displaying a red visual signal in violation of
 section eleven hundred seventy-four of this chapter through the  instal-
 lation  and  operation of school bus photo violation monitoring systems,
 in accordance with article twenty-nine of this chapter; to  comply  with
 certain  posted  maximum  speed  limits in violation of subdivision (b),
 (d), (f) or (g) of section eleven hundred eighty of this chapter  within
 a highway construction or maintenance work area through the installation
 and operation of photo speed violation monitoring systems, in accordance
 with article thirty of this chapter; to comply with gross vehicle weight
 and/or  axle  weight  restrictions in violation of section three hundred
 eighty-five of this chapter and the rules of the department of transpor-
 tation of the city of New York through the installation and operation of
 weigh in motion violation monitoring systems, in accordance with article
 ten of this chapter; [or] to comply with bus  operation-related  traffic
 regulations  as  defined  by  article  twenty-four  of  this  chapter in
 A. 4523                            17
 
 violation of the rules of the department of transportation of  the  city
 of  New York through the installation and operation of bus operation-re-
 lated photo devices, in accordance  with  article  twenty-four  of  this
 chapter;  OR  TO COMPLY WITH STREET CLEANING PARKING RULES AS DEFINED BY
 ARTICLE TWENTY-FOUR OF THIS CHAPTER THROUGH THE INSTALLATION AND  OPERA-
 TION  OF STREET CLEANING VEHICLE PHOTO DEVICES, IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTI-
 CLE TWENTY-FOUR OF THIS CHAPTER, (2) of the impending default  judgment,
 (3) that such judgment will be entered in the Civil Court of the city in
 which the bureau has been established, or other court of civil jurisdic-
 tion or any other place provided for the entry of civil judgments within
 the state of New York, and (4) that a default may be avoided by entering
 a  plea  or contesting an allegation of liability in accordance with any
 provisions of law specifically authorizing the  imposition  of  monetary
 liability  on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator thereof:
 to comply with traffic-control indications in violation  of  subdivision
 (d) of section eleven hundred eleven of this chapter through the instal-
 lation  and operation of traffic-control signal photo violation-monitor-
 ing systems, in accordance with article twenty-four of this chapter;  to
 comply with certain posted maximum speed limits in violation of subdivi-
 sion  (b), (c), (d), (f) or (g) of section eleven hundred eighty of this
 chapter through the installation and operation of photo speed  violation
 monitoring  systems,  in accordance with article thirty of this chapter;
 to comply with bus lane restrictions as defined by  article  twenty-four
 of this chapter through the installation and operation of bus lane photo
 devices,  in  accordance  with  article  twenty-four of this chapter; to
 comply with toll collection regulations of  certain  public  authorities
 through  the  installation and operation of photo-monitoring systems, in
 accordance with the provisions of  section  two  thousand  nine  hundred
 eighty-five  of  the  public  authorities  law  and  sections sixteen-a,
 sixteen-b and sixteen-c of chapter seven  hundred  seventy-four  of  the
 laws  of  nineteen  hundred fifty; to stop for a school bus displaying a
 red visual signal in violation of section eleven hundred seventy-four of
 this chapter through the installation and operation of school bus  photo
 violation  monitoring systems, in accordance with article twenty-nine of
 this chapter; to comply with certain  posted  maximum  speed  limits  in
 violation  of subdivision (b), (d), (f) or (g) of section eleven hundred
 eighty of this chapter within a highway construction or maintenance work
 area through the installation and operation  of  photo  speed  violation
 monitoring  systems,  in accordance with article thirty of this chapter;
 to comply with gross vehicle weight and/or axle weight  restrictions  in
 violation  of  section three hundred eighty-five of this chapter and the
 rules of the department of  transportation  of  the  city  of  New  York
 through  the  installation  and  operation  of weigh in motion violation
 monitoring systems, in accordance with article ten of this chapter; [or]
 to comply with bus operation-related traffic regulations as  defined  by
 article  twenty-four  of  this  chapter in violation of the rules of the
 department of transportation of the city of New York through the instal-
 lation and operation of bus operation-related photo devices, in  accord-
 ance  with article twenty-four of this chapter; OR TO COMPLY WITH STREET
 CLEANING PARKING RULES AS DEFINED BY ARTICLE TWENTY-FOUR OF THIS CHAPTER
 THROUGH THE INSTALLATION AND OPERATION OF STREET CLEANING VEHICLE  PHOTO
 DEVICES,  IN  ACCORDANCE  WITH  ARTICLE  TWENTY-FOUR OF THIS CHAPTER; or
 making an appearance within thirty days of the sending of  such  notice.
 Pleas  entered  and allegations contested within that period shall be in
 the manner prescribed in the notice and not subject to additional penal-
 ty or fee. Such notice  of  impending  default  judgment  shall  not  be
 A. 4523                            18
 
 required  prior to the rendering and entry thereof in the case of opera-
 tors or owners who are non-residents of the state of  New  York.  In  no
 case  shall  a default judgment be rendered or, where required, a notice
 of  impending  default  judgment  be sent, more than two years after the
 expiration of the time prescribed for entering a plea or  contesting  an
 allegation.    When  a person has demanded a hearing, no fine or penalty
 shall be imposed for any reason, prior to the holding of the hearing. If
 the hearing examiner shall make a determination on the charges, sustain-
 ing them, [he or she] SUCH EXAMINER shall impose no greater  penalty  or
 fine than those upon which the person was originally charged.
   § 8. Subparagraph (i) of paragraph a of subdivision 5-a of section 401
 of  the  vehicle  and traffic law, as amended by section 8 of part MM of
 chapter 56 of the laws of 2023, is amended to read as follows:
   (i) If at the time of application for a registration or renewal there-
 of there is a certification from a  court,  parking  violations  bureau,
 traffic  and  parking  violations  agency  or administrative tribunal of
 appropriate jurisdiction that the  registrant  or  [his  or  her]  THEIR
 representative  failed  to  appear  on the return date or any subsequent
 adjourned date or failed to comply with the rules and regulations of  an
 administrative  tribunal following entry of a final decision in response
 to a total of three or more summonses or other process in the aggregate,
 issued within an eighteen month period, charging either that:  (i)  such
 motor  vehicle was parked, stopped or standing, or that such motor vehi-
 cle was operated for hire by the registrant or [his or her] THEIR  agent
 without  being  licensed  as a motor vehicle for hire by the appropriate
 local authority, in violation of any of the provisions of  this  chapter
 or  of any law, ordinance, rule or regulation made by a local authority;
 or (ii) the registrant was liable for a violation of subdivision (d)  of
 section  eleven  hundred  eleven  of  this chapter imposed pursuant to a
 local law or ordinance imposing monetary liability on  the  owner  of  a
 vehicle  for  failure of an operator thereof to comply with traffic-con-
 trol indications through the installation and operation of  traffic-con-
 trol signal photo violation-monitoring systems, in accordance with arti-
 cle  twenty-four of this chapter; or (iii) the registrant was liable for
 a violation of subdivision (b), (c), (d), (f) or (g) of  section  eleven
 hundred  eighty  of  this  chapter  imposed  pursuant to a demonstration
 program imposing monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for  fail-
 ure  of  an  operator  thereof  to comply with such posted maximum speed
 limits through the installation and operation of photo  speed  violation
 monitoring  systems,  in accordance with article thirty of this chapter;
 or  (iv)  the  registrant  was  liable  for  a  violation  of  bus  lane
 restrictions  as  defined by article twenty-four of this chapter imposed
 pursuant to a bus rapid transit program imposing monetary  liability  on
 the owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator thereof to comply with
 such bus lane restrictions through the installation and operation of bus
 lane photo devices, in accordance with article twenty-four of this chap-
 ter;  or (v) the registrant was liable for a violation of section eleven
 hundred seventy-four of this chapter when meeting a  school  bus  marked
 and  equipped  as  provided  in  subdivisions twenty and twenty-one-c of
 section three hundred seventy-five of this chapter imposed pursuant to a
 local law or ordinance imposing monetary liability on  the  owner  of  a
 vehicle for failure of an operator thereof to comply with school bus red
 visual  signals  through  the  installation  and operation of school bus
 photo violation monitoring systems, in accordance with  article  twenty-
 nine  of this chapter; or (vi) the registrant was liable for a violation
 of section three hundred eighty-five of this chapter and  the  rules  of
 A. 4523                            19
 
 the  department of transportation of the city of New York in relation to
 gross vehicle weight and/or axle weight violations imposed pursuant to a
 weigh in motion demonstration program imposing monetary liability on the
 owner  of  a  vehicle  for failure of an operator thereof to comply with
 such gross vehicle weight and/or axle weight  restrictions  through  the
 installation  and  operation  of  weigh  in  motion violation monitoring
 systems, in accordance with article ten of this chapter;  or  (vii)  the
 registrant  was  liable  for a violation of subdivision (b), (d), (f) or
 (g) of section eleven hundred eighty of this chapter imposed pursuant to
 a demonstration program imposing monetary liability on the  owner  of  a
 vehicle  for  failure  of an operator thereof to comply with such posted
 maximum speed limits within a highway construction or  maintenance  work
 area  through  the  installation  and operation of photo speed violation
 monitoring  systems,  in  accordance  with  article   thirty   of   this
 chapter[,];  or  (viii) the registrant was liable for a violation of bus
 operation-related traffic regulations as defined by article  twenty-four
 of  this  chapter  imposed  pursuant to a demonstration program imposing
 monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an  operator
 thereof  to  comply  with such bus operation-related traffic regulations
 through the installation and operation of  bus  operation-related  photo
 devices,  in  accordance with article twenty-four of this chapter[,]; OR
 (IX) THE REGISTRANT WAS LIABLE FOR A VIOLATION OF STREET CLEANING  PARK-
 ING  RULES  AS  DEFINED  BY  ARTICLE TWENTY-FOUR OF THIS CHAPTER IMPOSED
 PURSUANT TO A PROGRAM IMPOSING MONETARY LIABILITY  ON  THE  OWNER  OF  A
 VEHICLE  FOR  FAILURE OF AN  OPERATOR THEREOF TO COMPLY WITH SUCH STREET
 CLEANING PARKING RULES THROUGH THE INSTALLATION AND OPERATION OF  STREET
 CLEANING  VEHICLE  PHOTO DEVICES, IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE TWENTY-FOUR
 OF THIS CHAPTER, the commissioner or [his or her] THEIR agent shall deny
 the registration or renewal application  until  the  applicant  provides
 proof  from the court, traffic and parking violations agency or adminis-
 trative tribunal wherein the charges are pending that an  appearance  or
 answer  has  been made or in the case of an administrative tribunal that
 [he or she] SUCH APPLICANT has complied with the rules  and  regulations
 of  said tribunal following entry of a final decision. Where an applica-
 tion is denied pursuant to this section, the commissioner may,  in  [his
 or  her] THEIR discretion, deny a registration or renewal application to
 any other person for the same vehicle and may  deny  a  registration  or
 renewal  application  for any other motor vehicle registered in the name
 of the applicant where the commissioner has determined that such  regis-
 trant's  intent  has  been to evade the purposes of this subdivision and
 where the commissioner has  reasonable  grounds  to  believe  that  such
 registration  or  renewal will have the effect of defeating the purposes
 of this subdivision. Such denial shall only remain in effect as long  as
 the  summonses  remain  unanswered,  or in the case of an administrative
 tribunal, the registrant fails to comply with the rules and  regulations
 following entry of a final decision.
   §  9.  Subdivision 1-a of section 1809 of the vehicle and traffic law,
 as amended by section 9 of part MM of chapter 56 of the laws of 2023, is
 amended to read as follows:
   1-a.  Notwithstanding  the  provisions  of  subdivision  one  of  this
 section,  the  provisions  of  subdivision one of this section shall not
 apply to an adjudication of liability of owners: (a) for  violations  of
 subdivision (d) of section eleven hundred eleven of this chapter imposed
 pursuant  to a local law or ordinance imposing monetary liability on the
 owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator  thereof  to  comply  with
 traffic-control  indications  through  the installation and operation of
 A. 4523                            20
 
 traffic-control signal photo violation-monitoring systems, in accordance
 with article twenty-four of this  chapter;  or  (b)  for  violations  of
 subdivision  (b),  (c), (d), (f) or (g) of section eleven hundred eighty
 of  this  chapter  imposed  pursuant to a demonstration program imposing
 monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an  operator
 thereof  to  comply  with  such  posted maximum speed limits through the
 installation and operation of photo speed violation monitoring  systems,
 in accordance with article thirty of this chapter; or (c) for violations
 of bus lane restrictions as defined by article twenty-four of this chap-
 ter  imposed  pursuant  to a bus rapid transit program imposing monetary
 liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an  operator  thereof
 to  comply  with such bus lane restrictions through the installation and
 operation of bus lane photo devices, in accordance with article  twenty-
 four  of  this  chapter;  or (d) for violations of toll collection regu-
 lations imposed by  certain  public  authorities  pursuant  to  the  law
 authorizing  such public authorities to impose monetary liability on the
 owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator  thereof  to  comply  with
 toll  collection  regulations  of  such  public  authorities through the
 installation and operation of photo-monitoring  systems,  in  accordance
 with  the provisions of section two thousand nine hundred eighty-five of
 the  public  authorities  law  and  sections  sixteen-a,  sixteen-b  and
 sixteen-c  of chapter seven hundred seventy-four of the laws of nineteen
 hundred fifty; or (e) for violations of section eleven hundred  seventy-
 four  of  this  chapter when meeting a school bus marked and equipped as
 provided in  subdivisions  twenty  and  twenty-one-c  of  section  three
 hundred  seventy-five of this chapter imposed pursuant to a local law or
 ordinance imposing monetary liability on the  owner  of  a  vehicle  for
 failure  of  an  operator  thereof  to comply with school bus red visual
 signals through the installation  and  operation  of  school  bus  photo
 violation  monitoring systems, in accordance with article twenty-nine of
 this chapter; or (f) for violations of section three hundred eighty-five
 of this chapter and the rules of the department of transportation of the
 city of New York in relation to gross vehicle weight and/or axle  weight
 violations  imposed  pursuant to a weigh in motion demonstration program
 imposing monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of  an
 operator  thereof  to  comply with such gross vehicle weight and/or axle
 weight restrictions through the installation and operation of  weigh  in
 motion  violation  monitoring systems, in accordance with article ten of
 this chapter; or (g) for violations of subdivision (b), (d), (f) or  (g)
 of  section  eleven hundred eighty of this chapter imposed pursuant to a
 demonstration program imposing monetary liability  on  the  owner  of  a
 vehicle  for  failure  of an operator thereof to comply with such posted
 maximum speed limits within a highway construction or  maintenance  work
 area  through  the  installation  and operation of photo speed violation
 monitoring systems, in accordance with article thirty of  this  chapter;
 or  (h)  for  violations of bus operation-related traffic regulations as
 defined by article twenty-four of this chapter  imposed  pursuant  to  a
 demonstration  program  imposing  monetary  liability  on the owner of a
 vehicle for failure of an operator thereof to comply with such bus oper-
 ation-related traffic regulations through the installation and operation
 of bus operation-related photo devices, in accordance with article twen-
 ty-four of this chapter; OR (I) FOR VIOLATIONS OF STREET CLEANING  PARK-
 ING  RULES  AS  DEFINED  BY  ARTICLE TWENTY-FOUR OF THIS CHAPTER IMPOSED
 PURSUANT TO A PROGRAM IMPOSING MONETARY LIABILITY  ON  THE  OWNER  OF  A
 VEHICLE  FOR  FAILURE  OF AN OPERATOR THEREOF TO COMPLY WITH SUCH STREET
 CLEANING PARKING RULES THROUGH THE INSTALLATION AND OPERATION OF  STREET
 A. 4523                            21
 
 CLEANING  VEHICLE  PHOTO DEVICES, IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE TWENTY-FOUR
 OF THIS CHAPTER.
   §  10. Subdivision 1 of section 1809-a of the vehicle and traffic law,
 as amended by section 10 of part MM of chapter 56 of the laws  of  2023,
 is amended to read as follows:
   1. The provisions of any other general or special law notwithstanding,
 whenever,  in a city having a population of one hundred thousand or more
 according  to  the  nineteen  hundred  eighty  United   States   census,
 proceedings in an administrative tribunal or a court result in a finding
 of liability, or conviction for the violation of any statute, local law,
 ordinance or rule involving the parking, stopping or standing of a motor
 vehicle,  except  (A)  an  adjudication  of  liability of an owner for a
 violation of bus operation-related traffic  regulations  as  defined  by
 article  twenty-four of this chapter imposed pursuant to a demonstration
 program imposing monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for  fail-
 ure  of  an  operator  thereof to comply with such bus operation-related
 traffic regulations through the installation and operation of bus opera-
 tion-related photo devices, in accordance with  article  twenty-four  of
 this  chapter,  OR  (B)  AN  ADJUDICATION OF LIABILITY OF AN OWNER FOR A
 VIOLATION OF STREET CLEANING PARKING RULES AS DEFINED BY  ARTICLE  TWEN-
 TY-FOUR OF THIS CHAPTER IMPOSED  PURSUANT TO A PROGRAM IMPOSING MONETARY
 LIABILITY  ON  THE OWNER OF A VEHICLE FOR FAILURE OF AN OPERATOR THEREOF
 TO COMPLY WITH SUCH STREET CLEANING PARKING RULES THROUGH THE  INSTALLA-
 TION  AND OPERATION OF STREET CLEANING VEHICLE PHOTO DEVICES, IN ACCORD-
 ANCE WITH ARTICLE TWENTY-FOUR OF THIS CHAPTER, there shall be  levied  a
 mandatory  surcharge  in addition to any other sentence, fine or penalty
 otherwise permitted or required, in the amount of fifteen dollars.  Such
 surcharge  shall  not  be  deemed a monetary penalty for the purposes of
 section two hundred thirty-seven of this chapter or  section  19-203  of
 the administrative code of the city of New York.
   § 11. Subdivision 1 of section 1809-aa of the vehicle and traffic law,
 as  amended  by section 11 of part MM of chapter 56 of the laws of 2023,
 is amended to read as follows:
   1. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, whenever proceedings in
 an administrative tribunal  or  court  result  in  a  conviction  for  a
 violation  of  section  twelve  hundred,  twelve  hundred  one or twelve
 hundred two of this chapter, except (A) an adjudication of liability  of
 an owner for a violation of bus operation-related traffic regulations as
 defined  by  article  twenty-four  of this chapter imposed pursuant to a
 demonstration program imposing monetary liability  on  the  owner  of  a
 vehicle for failure of an operator thereof to comply with such bus oper-
 ation-related traffic regulations through the installation and operation
 of bus operation-related photo devices, in accordance with article twen-
 ty-four  of  this  chapter,  OR  (B)  AN ADJUDICATION OF LIABILITY OF AN
 OWNER FOR A VIOLATION OF STREET CLEANING PARKING RULES AS  DEFINED    BY
 ARTICLE  TWENTY-FOUR    OF  THIS  CHAPTER  IMPOSED PURSUANT TO A PROGRAM
 IMPOSING MONETARY LIABILITY  ON  THE  OWNER  OF  A VEHICLE  FOR  FAILURE
 OF AN OPERATOR THEREOF TO COMPLY WITH SUCH STREET CLEANING PARKING RULES
 THROUGH  THE INSTALLATION AND OPERATION OF STREET CLEANING VEHICLE PHOTO
 DEVICES, IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE TWENTY-FOUR OF THIS  CHAPTER,  there
 shall be levied a mandatory surcharge in addition to any other sentence,
 fine  or penalty otherwise permitted or required, in the amount of twen-
 ty-five dollars.
   § 12. Paragraph a of subdivision 1 of section 1809-e  of  the  vehicle
 and  traffic  law,  as amended by section 12 of part MM of chapter 56 of
 the laws of 2023, is amended to read as follows:
 A. 4523                            22
 
   a. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, whenever proceedings in
 a court or  an  administrative  tribunal  of  this  state  result  in  a
 conviction for an offense under this chapter, except a conviction pursu-
 ant to section eleven hundred ninety-two of this chapter, or for a traf-
 fic  infraction  under  this chapter, or a local law, ordinance, rule or
 regulation adopted pursuant to  this  chapter,  except:  (i)  a  traffic
 infraction  involving  standing,  stopping,  or parking or violations by
 pedestrians or bicyclists; and (ii) an adjudication of liability  of  an
 owner for a violation of subdivision (d) of section eleven hundred elev-
 en of this chapter imposed pursuant to a local law or ordinance imposing
 monetary  liability on the owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator
 thereof to comply with traffic-control indications through the installa-
 tion and operation of traffic-control signal photo  violation-monitoring
 systems,  in  accordance  with  article twenty-four of this chapter; and
 (iii) an adjudication of liability of an owner for a violation of subdi-
 vision (b), (c), (d), (f) or (g) of section  eleven  hundred  eighty  of
 this  chapter imposed pursuant to a demonstration program imposing mone-
 tary liability on the owner of a vehicle  for  failure  of  an  operator
 thereof  to  comply  with  such  posted maximum speed limits through the
 installation and operation of photo speed violation monitoring  systems,
 in  accordance  with article thirty of this chapter; and (iv) an adjudi-
 cation of liability of an owner for a violation of bus lane restrictions
 as defined by article twenty-four of this chapter imposed pursuant to  a
 bus  rapid transit program imposing monetary liability on the owner of a
 vehicle for failure of an operator thereof to comply with such bus  lane
 restrictions  through  the  installation and operation of bus lane photo
 devices, in accordance with article twenty-four of this chapter; and (v)
 an adjudication of liability  of  an  owner  for  a  violation  of  toll
 collection regulations imposed by certain public authorities pursuant to
 the law authorizing such public authorities to impose monetary liability
 on  the  owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator thereof to comply
 with toll collection regulations of such public authorities through  the
 installation  and  operation  of photo-monitoring systems, in accordance
 with section two thousand nine hundred eighty-five of the public author-
 ities law or sections sixteen-a,  sixteen-b  and  sixteen-c  of  chapter
 seven  hundred  seventy-four  of the laws of nineteen hundred fifty; and
 (vi) an adjudication of liability of an owner for a violation of section
 eleven hundred seventy-four of this chapter when meeting  a  school  bus
 marked  and equipped as provided in subdivisions twenty and twenty-one-c
 of section three hundred seventy-five of this chapter  imposed  pursuant
 to  a local law or ordinance imposing monetary liability on the owner of
 a vehicle for failure of an operator thereof to comply with  school  bus
 red  visual signals through the installation and operation of school bus
 photo violation monitoring systems, in accordance with  article  twenty-
 nine of this chapter; and (vii) an adjudication of liability of an owner
 for a violation of section three hundred eighty-five of this chapter and
 the rules of the department of transportation of the city of New York in
 relation  to  gross vehicle weight and/or axle weight violations imposed
 pursuant to a weigh in motion demonstration  program  imposing  monetary
 liability  on  the owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator thereof
 to comply with such gross vehicle weight and/or axle weight restrictions
 through the installation and operation  of  weigh  in  motion  violation
 monitoring  systems, in accordance with article ten of this chapter; and
 (viii) an adjudication of liability of  an  owner  for  a  violation  of
 subdivision  (b),  (d),  (f)  or (g) of section eleven hundred eighty of
 this chapter imposed pursuant to a demonstration program imposing  mone-
 A. 4523                            23

 tary  liability  on  the  owner  of a vehicle for failure of an operator
 thereof to comply with such posted maximum speed limits within a highway
 construction or maintenance work area through the installation and oper-
 ation  of  photo  speed violation monitoring systems, in accordance with
 article thirty of this chapter; and (ix) an adjudication of liability of
 an owner for a violation of bus operation-related traffic regulations as
 defined by article twenty-four of this chapter  imposed  pursuant  to  a
 demonstration  program  imposing  monetary  liability  on the owner of a
 vehicle for failure of an operator thereof to comply with such bus oper-
 ation-related traffic regulations through the installation and operation
 of bus operation-related photo devices, in accordance with article twen-
 ty-four of this chapter; AND (X) AN  ADJUDICATION  OF  LIABILITY  OF  AN
 OWNER  FOR  A  VIOLATION  OF STREET CLEANING PARKING RULES AS DEFINED BY
 ARTICLE TWENTY-FOUR OF THIS CHAPTER IMPOSED PURSUANT TO A PROGRAM IMPOS-
 ING MONETARY LIABILITY  ON THE OWNER OF A  VEHICLE  FOR  FAILURE  OF  AN
 OPERATOR  THEREOF  TO  COMPLY  WITH  SUCH  STREET CLEANING PARKING RULES
 THROUGH THE INSTALLATION AND OPERATION OF STREET CLEANING VEHICLE  PHOTO
 DEVICES,  IN  ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE TWENTY-FOUR OF THIS CHAPTER, there
 shall be levied in addition to any sentence, penalty or other  surcharge
 required  or  permitted  by law, an additional surcharge of twenty-eight
 dollars.
   § 13. Subdivision 2 of section  87  of  the  public  officers  law  is
 amended by adding a new paragraph (v) to read as follows:
   (V)  ARE  PHOTOGRAPHS,  MICROPHOTOGRAPHS,  VIDEOTAPE OR OTHER RECORDED
 IMAGES PREPARED UNDER AUTHORITY OF SECTION ELEVEN  HUNDRED  ELEVEN-I  OF
 THE VEHICLE AND TRAFFIC LAW.
   §  14.  The purchase or lease of equipment for a demonstration program
 established pursuant to section 1111-i of the vehicle and  traffic  law,
 as  added by section one of this act, shall be subject to the provisions
 of section 103 of the general municipal law.
   § 15. This act shall take effect one year after it shall have become a
 law; provided, however, that sections one, thirteen and fourteen of this
 act shall expire July 1, 2030, when upon such  date  the  provisions  of
 such sections shall be deemed repealed; provided further, however, that:
   (a)  the  amendments to subdivision 1 of section 1809-a of the vehicle
 and traffic law made by section ten of this act  shall  not  affect  the
 repeal of such section and shall be deemed repealed therewith; and
   (b)  effective  immediately,  the addition, amendment and/or repeal of
 any rule or regulation necessary for the implementation of  section  one
 of  this  act  on  its  effective  date  are  authorized  to be made and
 completed on or before such effective date.